Table 6.
Salvage therapy details for BT studies.
| First author (country) | Year | Single-centre (1) or Multi-centre (2) | Patients (n) | BT Technique | Radiation Source | Focal or Whole-gland | Dose (total dose (Gy)/ dose per fraction/ number of fractions) | Duration of treatment | Adjuvant ADT | Follow-up (mo) (range) | BC (%) | Oncologic outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B Lee (USA) | 2007 | 1 | 21 | HDR | Ir-192 | Whole | 36/6/6 | 7 days | No | 18.7 | 90.8 | 2-yr bRFS 89% |
| Lyczek (Poland) | 2009 | 1 | 115 | HDR | Ir-192 | Whole | 30 / 10 / 3 | 9 weeks | NR | NR | 46 (PSA<6) vs 18 (PSA>6) | OS 86% (PSA<6) vs 48% (PSA>6) |
| Chen (USA) | 2013 | 1 | 52 | HDR | Ir-192 | Whole | 36 / 6 / 6 | 10 days | NR | 59.6 (5.9-154.7) | 55.7 | 5-yr bRFS 51%, 5-yr OS 92% |
| Kukielka (Poland) | 2014 | 1 | 25 | HDR with interstitial hyperthermia | Ir-192 | Whole | 37924 | 63 days | Yes (12%) | 13 (4-48) | NR | 2-yr bRFS 74% |
| *Yamada (USA) | 2014 | 1 | 42 | HDR | Ir-192 | Whole | 32 / 8 / 4 | 30 hours | Yes (43%) | 36 (2-66) | 68.5 | 5-yr OS 90.3% |
| Jiang (Germany) | 2016 | 1 | 29 | HDR | Ir-192 | Whole | 30 / 10 / 3 | 3 weeks | Yes (34.5%) | 73 (61-140) | 45 | 5-yr bRFS 45%, 5-yr OS 95.5% |
| Lacy (USA) | 2016 | 1 | 21 | HDR | Ir-192 | Whole | 108-144 Gy | – | Yes (14.3%) | 61 (10-149) | 47.6 | NR |
| Wojcieszek (Poland) | 2016 | 1 | 83 | HDR | Ir-192 | Whole | 30 / 10 / 3 | 28-30 days | Yes (53%) | 41 (11-76) | 67 | 5-yr CSS 87% |
| Lopez (Spain) | 2019 | 2 | 75 | HDR | Ir-192 | Whole | 32 / 7-10 / 2-4 | – | Yes (45%) | 52 | 67.5 | 5-yr bRFS 65% |
| 44 | LDR | NR | Whole | 145 Gy | – | Yes (532%) | 52 | 68 | 5-yr bRFS 79% | |||
| Chitmanee (UK) | 2020 | 1 | 50 | HDR | Ir-192 | Focal | 1 x 19 Gy | – | Yes (8%) | 21 (1-53) | 46 | 2-yr bRFS 63%, 3-yr bRFS 46% |
| Slevin (UK) | 2020 | 1 | 43 | HDR | Ir-192 | Focal | 1 x 19 Gy | – | Yes (74%) | 26 (1-60) | 79 | 3-yr bRFS 41.8% |
| van Son (Netherlands) | 2020 | 1 | 50 | HDR (MRI Guided ultra-focal) | Ir-192 | Ultra-focal | 1 x 19 Gy | – | Yes (12%) | 31 (13-58) | 48 | 2.5 yr bRFS 51%, mFS 75%, OS 98% |
| Kollmeier (USA) | 2017 | 1 | 37 | LDR | 125-I (8%) or 103-Pd (92%) | Whole | 125-144 Gy | – | Yes (46%) | 31 (2-97) | 65 | 3-yr bRFS 60.2%. 3-yr mFS 78.7% |
| 61 | HDR | Ir-192 | Whole | 32 / 8 / 4 (n=58), 28 / 7 / 4 (n=1) and 22 / 11 / 2 (n=1) | 30 hours | Yes (44%) | ||||||
| Baumann (USA) | 2017 | 1 | 33 | HDR/LDR | 103-Pd (LDR) and Ir-192 (HDR) | Whole | LDR (90-100 Gy) or HDR (30/6/5) | NR | Yes (100%) | 61 (7-150) | 67 | 7-yr RFS 67% |
| Henriquez (Spain) | 2014 | 1 | 56 | HDR/LDR | Ir-192/ 125-I | Whole | HDR: 50.5 / 5.25 / 1-4, LDR: 145 Gy | NR | Yes (26.8%) | 48 (25-109) | NR | 5-yr bRFS 77%, 5-yr OS 70% |
| Grado (USA) | 1999 | 1 | 49 | LDR | 125-I (76%) or 103-Pd (24%) | Whole | 80-180 Gy | – | Yes (16%) | 41.7 (21.8-185.2) | 34 | 3-yr bRFS 48%, 5-yr bRFS 34%. LC 98% |
| Koutrouvelis (USA) | 2003 | 1 | 31 | LDR | 125-I (77%) or 103-Pd (23%) | Whole | 100-144 Gy | – | No | 30 (12-84) | 87 | 3-yr bRFS 83.9%, 5-yr bRFS 41.9% |
| Nguyen (USA) | 2007 | 1 | 25 | LDR | 125-I | Whole | 137 Gy | – | No | 47 (14-75) | 72 | 4-yr bRFS 70% |
| HK Lee (USA) | 2008 | 1 | 21 | LDR | 103-Pd | Whole | 90 Gy | – | Yes (57%) | 36 | NA | 5-yr bRFS 38%, 5-yr OS 81% |
| Aaronson (USA) | 2009 | 1 | 24 | LDR | 125-I or 103-Pd | Whole | 146 Gy | – | Yes (29%) | 30 (13-65) | 87.5 | 3-yr bRFS 89.5% 3-year CSS 96% |
| Burri (USA) | 2010 | 1 | 37 | LDR | 103-Pd (97%) or 125-I (4%) | Whole | 110-135 Gy | – | Yes (84%) | 86 (2-156) | NA | 5-yr bRFS 65%, 5-yr CSS 94%, 5-yr OS 96% |
| Moman (Netherlands) | 2010 | 1 | 31 | LDR | 125-I | Whole | 145 Gy | – | NA | 108 | 19 | 1-yr bRFS 51%, 5-yr bRFS 20%, 5-yr CSS 74%, 5-yr OS 72% |
| Peters (Netherlands) | 2014 | 1 | 20 | LDR | 125-I | Focal | 144 Gy | – | NR | 36 (10-45) | 71 | 3-yr bRFS 71% |
| Vargas (USA) | 2014 | 1 | 69 | LDR | 125-I | Whole | 100 Gy | – | Yes (90%) | 60 (7-164) | 68.6 | 5-yr OS 64%, 5-yr mFS 90% |
| Peters (Netherlands) | 2016 | 2 | 62 | LDR (Whole Gland) | 125-I | Whole | 145 Gy | – | Yes (34%) | 78 (5-139) | NR | Estimated 10-yr PCaSS 43%, 10-yr OS 34% |
| Crook (Canada) | 2019 | 2 | 92 | LDR | 125-I (92%) or 103-Pd (8%) | Whole | 120-140 Gy | – | NR | 54 | NR | NR |
| Smith (USA) | 2020 | 2 | 108 | LDR | 125-I (1%) or 103-Pd (99%) | Whole | 100 Gy | – | Yes (93.5%) | 75 (1-228) | NR | 5-yr bRFS 63%, 10-yr bRFS 52% |
| Schonle (Germany) | 2020 | 1 | 82 | PDR | Ir-192 | Whole | 60 / 30 / 2 | 4 weeks | Yes (43.9) | 49 (12-129) | 65.6 | 5-yr bRFS 65.6%, LC 86.6% |
BT, brachytherapy; HDR, high dose rate; LDR, low dose rate; 125-I, Iodine-125; 103-Pd, Palladium-103; Ir-192, Iridium-192; Gy, Gray; ADT, androgen deprivation therapy; mo, months; BC, biochemical control; bRFS, biochemical recurrence free survival; mFS, metastasis free survival; RFS, relapse free survival; CSS, cancer specific survival; OS, overall survival.
Yamada (USA) study cohort included in further publication Kollmeier (USA) however specific treatment characteristics and toxicity were not covered in later paper.