Table 2.

Standardized indirect effects of mothers’ perceptions of the threat of COVID-19 and reports about lack of social support and children’s behavior via mothers’ anxiety and mothers’ positive and negative parenting

	Mother’s hostile/coercive parenting			Mother’s supportive/engaged parenting
	β	95% CI	p	β	95% CI	p
Threats of COVID-19 → mother’s anxiety → child’s externalizing behavior	0.02	–0.08, 0.01	0.23	0.05	–0.13, 0.01	0.03
Threats of COVID-19 → mother’s anxiety → child’s internalizing behavior	0.06	–0.14, 0.00	0.04	0.08	–0.16, 0.00	0.05
Threats of COVID-19 → maternal behavior → child’s externalizing behavior	0.03	–0.10, 0.03	0.34	0.00	–0.05, 0.02	0.51
Threats of COVID-19 → maternal behavior → child’s internalizing behavior	0.02	–0.08, 0.02	0.28	0.00	–0.05, 0.02	0.55
Threats of COVID-19 → mother’s anxiety → maternal behavior → child’s externalizing behavior	0.03	–0.06, 00	0.03	0.00	0.00, 0.02	0.38
Threats of COVID–-19 → mother’s anxiety → maternal behavior → child’s internalizing behavior	0.02	–0.05, 0.01	0.02	0.00	0.00, 0.02	0.36
Lack of social support → mother’s anxiety → child’s externalizing behavior	0.02	–0.07, 0.01	0.19	0.04	–0.10, –0.01	0.01
Lack of social support → mother’s anxiety → child’s internalizing behavior	0.05	–0.12, –0.01	0.01	0.07	–0.12, –0.02	0.02
Lack of social support → maternal behavior→ child’s externalizing behavior	0.09	–0.17, –0.03	0.01	0.03	–0.08, 0.00	0.08
Lack of social support → maternal behavior → child’s internalizing behavior	0.06	–0.12, –0.02	0.01	0.03	–0.10, 0.00	0.07
Lack of social support → mother’s anxiety → maternal behavior → child’s externalizing behavior	0.02	–0.06, 0.00	0.01	0.00	0.00, 0.01	0.34
Lack of social support → mother’s anxiety → maternal behavior → child’s internalizing behavior	0.02	–0.05, 00	0.00	0.00	0.00, 0.01	0.28

Maternal behavior refers to either the mother’s hostile/coercive or supportive/engaged parenting behavior