TABLE 2. Prevalence of short sleep duration* among persons aged 4 months–17 years, by age group and selected characteristics — National Survey of Children’s Health, United States, 2016–2018.
| Characteristic | % (95% CI)† |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All persons aged 4 mos–17 yrs | Infants aged 4–11 mos | Children aged 1–2 yrs | Children aged 3–5 yrs | Children aged 6–12 yrs | Adolescents aged 13–17 yrs | |
|
Sex
| ||||||
| Male |
35.0 (34.0–36.0) |
40.6 (34.4–47.0) |
32.8 (29.9–35.7) |
35.2 (32.8–37.7) |
38.4 (36.8–40.0) |
30.4 (28.9–32.1) |
| Female |
34.7 (33.7–35.7) |
39.9 (34.0–46.1) |
33.8 (30.8–36.8) |
34.5 (31.9–37.1) |
36.4 (34.8–38.1) |
32.1 (30.3–33.8) |
|
Race/Ethnicity
| ||||||
| Hispanic |
39.1 (37.1–41.1) |
41.5 (29.9–54.1)§ |
40.5 (34.6–46.7) |
42.4 (37.3–47.7) |
43.3 (40.1–46.6) |
30.3 (27.1–33.7) |
| White, non-Hispanic |
28.8 (28.1–29.5) |
32.9 (28.2–38.0) |
26.1 (24.2–28.2) |
27.9 (26.2–29.7) |
30.1 (29.0–31.1) |
28.1 (27.1–29.2) |
| Black, non-Hispanic |
50.8 (48.6–53.0) |
64.2 (51.1–75.5)§ |
50.2 (42.7–57.7) |
51.7 (46.1–57.4) |
56.4 (53.0–59.8) |
42.2 (38.5–46.0) |
| Other,¶ non-Hispanic |
34.6 (32.9–36.4) |
46.8 (36.8–57.2)§ |
35.6 (29.7–41.9) |
32.3 (28.7–36.1) |
34.8 (32.1–37.6) |
33.4 (30.5–36.5) |
|
Family income level** | ||||||
| FPL<100% |
45.6 (43.6–47.7) |
54.2 (41.5–66.4)§ |
45.4 (39.5–51.5) |
49.2 (44.1–54.3) |
51.6 (48.4–54.8) |
33.4 (30.1–36.9) |
| 100%≤FPL<200% |
39.2 (37.3–41.2) |
49.9 (39.6–60.2)§ |
39.1 (33.6–44.8) |
41.4 (36.4–46.5) |
41.1 (38.1–44.1) |
34.0 (30.9–37.2) |
| 200%≤FPL<400% |
33.2 (31.9–34.6) |
33.3 (25.3–42.4) |
32.7 (28.3–37.3) |
32.7 (29.4–36.2) |
35.8 (33.7–37.9) |
30.4 (28.3–32.5) |
| FPL≥400% |
26.0 (25.0–27.0) |
29.2 (23.7–35.5) |
21.9 (18.9–25.4) |
22.5 (20.1–25.0) |
26.3 (24.8–27.7) |
28.7 (27.1–30.5) |
|
Parent education
| ||||||
| Less than high school |
46.2 (42.4–50.0) |
60.3 (34.7–81.2)§ |
39.7 (27.8–53.0)§ |
54.0 (43.1–64.5)§ |
53.7 (47.7–59.5) |
34.1 (28.6–40.1) |
| High school |
43.3 (41.4–45.2) |
54.1 (43.8–64.1)§ |
49.0 (42.7–55.4) |
47.4 (42.2–52.7) |
46.3 (43.3–49.3) |
34.2 (31.2–37.3) |
| Some college |
39.3 (37.8–40.7) |
49.2 (40.3–58.2) |
39.2 (34.7–44.0) |
40.6 (36.8–44.4) |
43.0 (40.7–45.3) |
32.2 (30.0–34.5) |
| College graduate |
27.2 (26.5–28.0) |
28.6 (24.3–33.3) |
24.9 (22.6–27.3) |
25.0 (23.2–26.8) |
27.8 (26.6–29.0) |
28.7 (27.4–30.1) |
|
Special health care needs††
| ||||||
| Yes |
38.3 (36.8–39.7) |
30.5 (19.5–44.2)§ |
30.9 (25.3–37.1) |
38.3 (34.3–42.6) |
42.8 (40.7–45.1) |
33.7 (31.4–36.1) |
| No |
34.1 (33.3–34.9) |
40.7 (36.2–45.3) |
33.5 (31.3–35.7) |
34.3 (32.3–36.3) |
35.9 (34.6–37.3) |
30.4 (29.1–31.8) |
|
Health status
| ||||||
| Excellent or very good |
33.5 (32.8–34.2) |
39.4 (35.0–44.0) |
32.4 (30.4–34.5) |
33.8 (31.9–35.6) |
35.3 (34.2–36.5) |
30.3 (29.1–31.5) |
| Good, fair, or poor |
46.8 (44.1–49.5) |
59.8 (40.2–76.7)§ |
45.4 (35.1–56.1)§ |
45.6 (38.1–53.3) |
54.6 (50.5–58.7) |
38.0 (33.8–42.4) |
|
Regular bedtime
§§
| ||||||
| Yes |
27.5 (26.3–28.9) |
34.6 (27.6–42.3) |
28.5 (25.5–31.7) |
29.1 (25.8–32.6) |
30.5 (28.6–32.6) |
17.4 (15.5–19.6) |
| No |
38.6 (37.8–39.4) |
44.8 (39.5–50.2) |
36.6 (33.8–39.4) |
38.1 (36.0–40.2) |
41.4 (40.0–42.8) |
35.6 (34.2–37.0) |
|
State
| ||||||
| Alabama |
42.5 (39.3–45.8) |
46.7 (28.3–66.2)§ |
41.7 (32.0–52.0) |
39.2 (32.1–46.8) |
49.6 (44.3–54.9) |
34.4 (29.3–39.9) |
| Alaska |
27.7 (24.7–30.8) |
32.1 (19.6–47.8)§ |
28.3 (20.8–37.3) |
26.6 (20.1–34.2) |
31.9 (26.9–37.4) |
20.5 (16.2–25.8) |
| Arizona |
35.6 (32.3–38.9) |
27.1 (13.8–46.2)§ |
36.7 (27.1–47.4)§ |
35.9 (28.1–44.5) |
38.1 (32.9–43.6) |
32.2 (26.8–38.0) |
| Arkansas |
40.8 (37.4–44.2) |
47.6 (31.5–64.1)§ |
35.7 (26.3–46.4)§ |
45.9 (37.7–54.4) |
44.2 (38.8–49.7) |
34.0 (28.2–40.4) |
| California |
34.2 (30.9–37.6) |
44.9 (24.2–67.6)§ |
30.3 (22.0–40.1) |
33.8 (26.1–42.4) |
38.2 (32.9–43.8) |
28.5 (23.4–34.2) |
| Colorado |
26.8 (24.1–29.7) |
27.1 (15.7–42.6)§ |
25.8 (17.6–36.1) |
28.2 (22.0–35.3) |
26.9 (22.6–31.6) |
26.3 (21.7–31.6) |
| Connecticut |
32.8 (29.9–36.0) |
46.5 (27.0–67.0)§ |
27.8 (19.0–38.6) |
36.7 (28.5–45.7) |
31.7 (27.1–36.7) |
32.8 (28.2–37.8) |
| Delaware |
39.1 (35.9–42.5) |
46.2 (29.0–64.3)§ |
35.9 (26.4–46.6)§ |
42.4 (34.0–51.3) |
42.1 (37.0–47.3) |
33.5 (28.4–39.0) |
| District of Columbia |
36.5 (32.8–40.3) |
31.2 (17.9–48.6)§ |
36.7 (27.7–46.7) |
25.9 (19.4–33.7) |
44.5 (38.0–51.1) |
34.7 (27.5–42.6) |
| Florida |
38.6 (35.3–41.9) |
50.0 (29.0–71.0)§ |
36.0 (27.5–45.6) |
43.3 (34.6–52.5) |
38.4 (33.4–43.6) |
36.2 (30.5–42.2) |
| Georgia |
40.3 (37.0–43.6) |
38.9 (22.2–58.7)§ |
33.5 (24.2–44.3)§ |
39.4 (31.4–48.1) |
47.1 (41.8–52.5) |
32.9 (28.0–38.2) |
| Hawaii |
38.4 (35.5–41.3) |
41.6 (26.2–58.9)§ |
32.2 (23.9–41.7) |
32.2 (25.6–39.6) |
43.0 (38.3–47.9) |
38.4 (33.6–43.5) |
| Idaho |
26.9 (24.4–29.6) |
22.0 (12.5–35.6)§ |
25.0 (18.5–32.8) |
28.6 (21.9–36.4) |
28.4 (24.3–32.9) |
25.1 (21.2–29.5) |
| Illinois |
30.1 (27.2–33.1) |
53.4 (36.1–69.9)§ |
23.6 (16.5–32.6) |
27.9 (20.7–36.4) |
32.2 (27.5–37.2) |
28.4 (23.7–33.5) |
| Indiana |
38.6 (35.5–41.7) |
36.7 (20.8–56.0)§ |
45.8 (36.6–55.3) |
35.4 (28.3–43.2) |
40.4 (35.3–45.6) |
36.0 (31.0–41.3) |
| Iowa |
29.0 (26.3–32.0) |
28.7 (12.9–52.4)§ |
20.5 (13.3–30.3) |
28.9 (22.6–36.2) |
34.3 (29.6–39.4) |
25.0 (21.3–29.2) |
| Kansas |
30.3 (27.3–33.4) |
39.9 (21.3–62.0)§ |
27.0 (18.0–38.5)§ |
31.0 (24.2–38.8) |
32.5 (27.9–37.5) |
26.7 (22.2–31.8) |
| Kentucky |
35.8 (32.8–39.0) |
28.9 (12.8–53.0)§ |
31.0 (23.2–40.2) |
28.8 (22.3–36.3) |
46.0 (40.6–51.5) |
29.4 (25.1–34.3) |
| Louisiana |
46.6 (43.2–49.9) |
34.0 (19.7–51.9)§ |
44.9 (34.8–55.6)§ |
47.0 (39.3–54.9) |
53.1 (47.7–58.5) |
39.0 (33.5–44.9) |
| Maine |
25.3 (22.7–28.1) |
29.0 (14.1–50.3)§ |
24.9 (17.2–34.7) |
20.4 (14.9–27.4) |
25.6 (21.3–30.4) |
27.8 (23.6–32.3) |
| Maryland |
37.4 (34.3–40.7) |
16.7 (6.9–35.0)§ |
36.7 (27.3–47.2) |
43.5 (35.4–51.8) |
41.8 (36.8–47.1) |
30.5 (25.7–35.8) |
| Massachusetts |
30.0 (27.1–33.1) |
35.9 (21.1–54.0)§ |
25.7 (17.3–36.3) |
30.7 (23.4–39.1) |
30.9 (26.1–36.2) |
29.5 (24.9–34.5) |
| Michigan |
32.4 (29.5–35.6) |
40.1 (22.0–61.3)§ |
29.7 (21.2–39.9) |
34.5 (27.0–42.9) |
33.9 (29.1–39.0) |
29.6 (25.1–34.6) |
| Minnesota |
25.4 (22.6–28.4) |
37.9 (22.9–55.6)§ |
27.4 (17.8–39.7)§ |
27.3 (20.9–34.8) |
26.2 (21.9–31.1) |
20.6 (16.3–25.6) |
| Mississippi |
48.9 (45.5–52.2) |
52.6 (30.0–74.2)§ |
45.1 (35.9–54.7) |
44.5 (36.6–52.6) |
60.7 (55.5–65.7) |
36.2 (30.8–42.0) |
| Missouri |
35.8 (32.7–38.9) |
24.0 (12.7–40.8)§ |
35.9 (26.8–46.1) |
37.0 (29.8–44.8) |
37.6 (32.5–42.9) |
33.8 (29.1–38.8) |
| Montana |
27.5 (24.7–30.5) |
35.5 (20.6–53.9)§ |
30.4 (21.7–40.7) |
29.1 (22.4–36.9) |
28.0 (23.4–33.1) |
23.5 (19.6–27.9) |
| Nebraska |
30.8 (27.7–34.0) |
49.8 (31.8–67.9)§ |
29.1 (21.3–38.3) |
26.0 (19.8–33.2) |
31.0 (26.3–36.2) |
31.2 (25.6–37.4) |
| Nevada |
32.4 (29.2–35.6) |
33.1 (19.0–51.2)§ |
33.4 (24.1–44.3)§ |
28.9 (22.1–36.8) |
35.9 (30.8–41.3) |
29.1 (23.7–35.1) |
| New Hampshire |
27.0 (24.5–29.7) |
28.9 (15.9–46.7)§ |
23.1 (14.4–34.8)§ |
23.4 (17.7–30.3) |
26.4 (22.5–30.6) |
30.8 (26.7–35.4) |
| New Jersey |
34.6 (31.5–37.9) |
41.4 (21.3–64.8) § |
34.8 (24.8–46.3)§ |
37.7 (30.2–45.9) |
33.0 (28.0–38.3) |
34.2 (29.1–39.6) |
| New Mexico |
33.8 (30.4–37.2) |
42.5 (23.9–63.5)§ |
34.5 (24.8–45.8)§ |
35.9 (28.1–44.5) |
35.7 (30.3–41.5) |
28.6 (23.2–34.6) |
| New York |
36.2 (32.9–39.6) |
39.5 (22.0–60.2)§ |
25.5 (17.5–35.4) |
32.2 (24.7–40.8) |
39.7 (34.4–45.3) |
37.4 (31.7–43.5) |
| North Carolina |
36.8 (33.5–40.3) |
48.6 (31.2–66.2)§ |
36.5 (26.3–48.0)§ |
38.9 (31.2–47.3) |
37.7 (32.4–43.4) |
33.0 (27.6–38.9) |
| North Dakota |
25.4 (22.6–28.4) |
24.1 (13.3–39.8)§ |
33.4 (24.4–43.8) |
24.1 (17.7–31.8) |
24.6 (20.2–29.6) |
23.2 (19.3–27.7) |
| Ohio |
34.8 (31.8–38.0) |
44.3 (24.8–65.7)§ |
32.9 (23.8–43.5) |
26.3 (20.2–33.4) |
38.7 (33.7–43.9) |
34.2 (29.0–39.8) |
| Oklahoma |
35.3 (32.3–38.5) |
37.1 (20.7–57.1)§ |
42.3 (32.5–52.6)§ |
30.6 (23.9–38.2) |
36.0 (31.3–40.9) |
34.2 (29.0–39.8) |
| Oregon |
27.6 (24.6–30.7) |
31.9 (18.0–50.1)§ |
33.5 (23.9–44.7)§ |
35.8 (27.7–44.8) |
23.9 (19.7–28.7) |
25.3 (20.8–30.5) |
| Pennsylvania |
32.8 (29.9–35.9) |
40.9 (24.3–59.8)§ |
27.5 (20.4–36.0) |
32.9 (25.6–41.2) |
35.9 (31.0–41.0) |
29.0 (24.5–33.9) |
| Rhode Island |
33.9 (30.8–37.1) |
58.2 (40.0–74.4)§ |
25.5 (18.4–34.2) |
30.2 (22.9–38.6) |
35.5 (30.6–40.7) |
33.7 (28.3–39.5) |
| South Carolina |
40.2 (37.0–43.5) |
30.6 (12.8–57.1)§ |
45.6 (36.2–55.4) |
41.8 (33.5–50.5) |
41.7 (36.6–47.0) |
35.5 (30.2–41.1) |
| South Dakota |
30.0 (27.2–32.9) |
46.8 (33.0–61.2)§ |
29.1 (22.3–37.0) |
31.3 (24.4–39.1) |
28.9 (24.4–33.9) |
27.7 (23.1–32.8) |
| Tennessee |
39.1 (36.0–42.4) |
58.3 (39.8–74.7)§ |
41.5 (32.4–51.1) |
39.7 (32.4–47.6) |
42.5 (37.4–47.7) |
30.2 (25.5–35.4) |
| Texas |
36.7 (33.3–40.2) |
35.3 (21.1–52.6)§ |
41.8 (32.0–52.4)§ |
40.4 (31.9–49.6) |
38.0 (32.6–43.8) |
30.7 (25.0–37.1) |
| Utah |
29.3 (26.5–32.3) |
25.9 (14.0–42.8)§ |
31.6 (22.6–42.4) |
24.0 (18.6–30.3) |
32.3 (27.7–37.3) |
28.0 (23.1–33.5) |
| Vermont |
25.6 (22.9–28.6) |
47.5 (29.4–66.2)§ |
26.5 (19.0–35.5) |
26.6 (19.8–34.7) |
25.6 (21.3–30.5) |
21.8 (17.9–26.2) |
| Virginia |
32.7 (29.7–35.8) |
45.1 (26.0–65.7)§ |
33.1 (24.0–43.6) |
32.2 (25.0–40.4) |
35.1 (30.3–40.3) |
28.5 (24.0–33.4) |
| Washington |
30.5 (27.5–33.7) |
43.4 (26.6–61.9)§ |
32.4 (23.4–42.9) |
30.4 (23.6–38.3) |
31.3 (26.3–36.7) |
27.1 (22.1–32.7) |
| West Virginia |
42.9 (39.7–46.3) |
45.2 (30.0–61.2)§ |
47.4 (36.3–58.8)§ |
46.2 (38.3–54.3) |
42.9 (37.9–48.1) |
38.8 (33.4–44.5) |
| Wisconsin |
28.9 (26.2–31.9) |
46.3 (28.0–65.8)§ |
26.5 (19.0–35.8) |
23.1 (17.3–30.3) |
30.6 (26.3–35.4) |
28.5 (24.0–33.4) |
| Wyoming | 31.9 (28.9–35.0) | 32.3 (18.0–50.8)§ | 33.6 (25.6–42.7) | 30.2 (23.1–38.3) | 36.4 (31.5–41.7) | 25.1 (20.6–30.1) |
Abbreviations: CI = confidence interval; FPL = federal poverty level.
* Short sleep duration is defined as <12 hours for infants aged 4–11 months, <11 hours for children aged 1–2 years, <10 hours for children aged 3–5 years, <9 hours for children aged 6–12 years, and <8 hours for adolescents aged 13–17 years.
† Weighted percentages. Weighted estimates generalize to state and national resident populations. https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/nsch/technical-documentation/methodology/NSCH-Guide-to-Multi-Year-Estimates.pdf; https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/programs-surveys/nsch/tech-documentation/methodology/2016-NSCH-Methodology-Report.pdf; https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/programs-surveys/nsch/tech-documentation/methodology/2017-NSCH-Methodology-Report.pdf; https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/nsch/technical-documentation/methodology/2018-NSCH-Methodology-Report.pdf
§ Estimate might be unreliable. The absolute CI width is >20% or the relative CI width is >120% (1.2 times the estimate). https://www.childhealthdata.org/docs/default-source/drc/nsch_data-supression-and-display_revised_03-01-19.pdf
¶ Includes American Indian or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, Asian, other race, or multiracial.
** FPL is based on family income and family size and composition using the U.S. Census Bureau's poverty thresholds. Imputed income was used for persons aged 4 months–17 years without reported family income. https://www.census.gov/topics/income-poverty/poverty/guidance/poverty-measures.html
†† Special health care needs status is based on responses to the Children with Special Health Care Needs standardized five-item screener that included 1) the need for or use of medications (other than vitamins) prescribed by a doctor; 2) the need for or use of medical care, mental health, or educational services beyond those of a similarly aged person (referred to as “average use”); 3) limitation in the ability to do things most persons of the same age can do; 4) the need for or use of specialized therapies such as physical, occupational, or speech therapy; and 5) the need for or receipt of treatment or counseling for an emotional, behavioral, or developmental problem. https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/programs-surveys/nsch/tech-documentation/methodology/2016-NSCH-Methodology-Report.pdf; https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/programs-surveys/nsch/tech-documentation/methodology/2017-NSCH-Methodology-Report.pdf; https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/nsch/technical-documentation/methodology/2018-NSCH-Methodology-Report.pdf
§§ Regular bedtime is defined as a response of “always” to the question about how often the person aged 4 months–17 years goes to bed at approximately the same time on weeknights.