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. 2021 Sep 23;2021(9):CD007651. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007651.pub3
Instrument Dimensions (sub‐scales)
(no. of items) Validated
instrument Answer options Scores Minimum score
Maximum score 		Weighting
of scores Direction
of
scales Minimal important difference
Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire
Employed in
(Leahy 2019)

  • Prosocial behavior (5)

  • Emotional symptoms (5)

  • Conduct problems (5)

  • Hyperactivity (5)

  • Peer problems (5)

 Yes (Goodman 1998 and Goodman 2001) 3‐point scale Item scores range from 0 to 2
Scale scores range from 0 to 10 0 to 40 — Higher scores indicate more psychological difficulties —
Perceived Stress Scale
Employed in
(Leahy 2019)		 10 items Yes (Cohen 1983 and Chan 2013) 5‐point scale Item scores range from 0 to 4 0 to 40 — Higher scores indicate a greater degree of subjective stress experienced by participants —
KIDSCREEN
KIDSCREEN‐10
Employed in
(Jago 2019)
KIDSCREEN‐27
Employed in
Resaland 2016 		KIDSCREEN‐10: 10 items
KIDSCREEN‐27:

  • Physical Well‐being (5)

  • Psychological Well‐being (7)

  • Autonomy & Parent Relations (7)

  • Social Support & Peers (4)

  • School Environment (4)

 Yes
(Ravens‐Sieberer 2006, Ravens‐Sieberer 2010, and Ravens‐Sieberer 2014)		 5‐point scale Items are scored as Rasch scales, then translated into T‐values with mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10 1 to 5 — Higher T‐scores indicate higher HRQoL —
Child Health Utility 9D (CHU9D)
Employed in Breheny 2020,
Jago 2019,
Harrington 2018 9 items Yes (Stevens 2011 and Stevens 2012) 5‐point scale Item levels range from 1 to 5 1 to 5 Yes Higher item scores indicate lower level of health —
Pediatric quality of life inventory(PedsQL)
Employed in
Adab 2018

  • Physical Functioning (8)

  • Emotional Functioning (5)

  • Social Functioning (5)

  • School Functioning (5)

 Yes (Varni 2003 and Varni 2017) 5‐point scale (aged 8 to 18)
3‐point scale (aged 5 to 7)		 Item scores range from 0 to 4
Scale scores range from 0 to 100 0 to 100 No Higher scores indicate better HRQoL

  • Total score: 4.36

  • Physical Health: 6.66

  • Psychosocial Health: 5.30

  • Emotional Functioning: 8.94

  • Social Functioning: 8.36

  • School Functioning: 9.12
European Quality of Life‐5 Dimensions Youth Survey (EQ‐5D‐Y)
Employed in
Jago 2015 Descriptive system

  • Mobility (1)

  • Self‐care (1)

  • Everyday activities (1)

  • Pain/discomfort (1)

  • Happiness/worry/sadness (1)


Visual analogue scale: no sub‐scales		 Yes (Ravens‐Sieberer 2010 and van Reenen 2014) Descriptive system: 3‐level scale
Visual analogue scale: vertical, continuous scale		 Descriptive system: item levels range from 1 to 3
Visual analogue scale: 0 to 100		 Descriptive system: 1 to 3
Visual analogue scale: 0 to 100 Yes Descriptive system: higher scores indicate worse health states
Visual analogue scale: higher scores indicate better perceived health state		 —