Nogueira 2014.
| Study characteristics | ||
| Methods | Study design: cluster‐RCT | |
| Participants |
School inclusion criteria: 2 local independent primary schools (Gold Coast, Australia) of essentially identical size and demographic (ethnicity and socioeconomic profile), with comparable school fees, school hours, curricula, and time devoted to PE and other PAs School exclusion criteria: — Student inclusion criteria: students who were of sound general health, fully ambulatory, and gave their consent to participate Student exclusion criteria: students taking medications known to affect bone, muscle, or metabolism; recovering from a limb fracture or other immobilising injury in the past 6 months; affected by any condition not compatible with PA; parents declined to consent Setting: school Age group: children Gender distribution: females and males Country/Countries where trial was performed: Australia |
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| Interventions |
Intervention: instructor‐led exercise bouts comprising 10 minutes of continuous high‐intensity movement intended to improve musculoskeletal and metabolic health. Programme was largely based on capoeira, a Brazilian sport that combines martial arts with dance, and a broad range of continuous movements of medium to high impact, applied at varying speeds and directions to increase heart rate and to load a variety of muscle groups and skeletal regions in upper and lower body. Occasional small prizes (e.g. balls, game vouchers) were provided to reward participation and improvement Comparator: control school children continued to undertake usual school activities over the course of the intervention year Duration of intervention: 9 months Duration of follow‐up: 21 months Number of schools: 2 Theoretical framework: — |
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| Outcomes | BMI Fitness |
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| Study registration | — | |
| Publication details |
Language of publication: English Funding: — Publication status: peer‐reviewed journal |
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| Stated aim for study | "The aim of the current study then, was to test the efficacy of a brief, novel, and enjoyable bone‐ and fat‐targeted exercise program on parameters of bone, muscle and fat in healthy pre‐and peri‐pubertal boys over the course of a school year. The aim of the CAPO Kids intervention trial then was to determine the effect of a brief, simple, enjoyable, musculoskeletal‐ and fat‐targeted exercise programme on quantitative‐ultrasound‐derived bone quality, fat and metabolic health in pre‐ and early‐pubertal girls over the course of a school year" | |
| Notes | ||
| Risk of bias | ||
| Bias | Authors' judgement | Support for judgement |
| Random sequence generation (selection bias) | Low risk | Comment: coin toss used |
| Allocation concealment (selection bias) | Low risk | Comment: group allocation concealed from participants and investigators prior to randomisation [author communication] |
| Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes | Low risk | Quote from publication: "control school participants were aware of neither the intervention activity nor the overall purpose of the study" |
| Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes | High risk | Comment: testers were not blinded to intervention |
| Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) Anthropometrics, Fitness | Low risk | Comment: overall loss to follow‐up was 9% and was related mainly to student relocation or absence from school on the days of testing |
| Selective reporting (reporting bias) | Unclear risk | Comment: no protocol published |
| Cluster RCT ‐ Recruitment bias | Low risk | Comment: students enrolled after randomisation, but almost complete enrolment |
| Cluster RCT ‐ Baseline imbalance | Low risk | Comment: adjusted for in analysis |
| Cluster RCT ‐ Loss of clusters | Low risk | Comment: no clusters lost |
| Cluster RCT ‐ Incorrect analysis | High risk | Comment: clustering not accounted for in analysis |