Bayne‐Smith 2004.
| Study characteristics | ||
| Methods | Study design: RCT | |
| Participants |
Student inclusion criteria: urban, multi‐ethnic teenaged girls, aged 14 to 19 years Student exclusion criteria: — Setting: school, urban Age group: adolescents Gender distribution: females Country/Countries where trial was performed: USA |
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| Interventions |
Intervention: the Physical Activity and Teenage Health curriculum was taught as a personal wellness course that integrated vigorous exercise, health and nutrition education, and behaviour modification. Physical Activity and Teenage Health student manuals were developed to provide students with information about anatomy and physiology of the heart, cardiovascular risk factors, the heart disease process, proper exercise and nutrition, stress management, cigarette smoking avoidance and cessation techniques, and strategies for modifying high‐risk health behaviours. Physical Activity and Teenage Health teacher manuals were provided to PE teachers containing instructions for teaching the programme curriculum and assessing outcomes. PE teachers using the Physical Activity and Teenage Health curriculum received in‐service training from the investigation team before and during the intervention. The Physical Activity and Teenage Health programme consisted of 30‐minute classes conducted 5 days/week for 12 weeks. Individual classes began with a 5‐ to 10‐minute lecture and discussion featuring a topic on cardiovascular health and fitness and suggestions for modifying health behaviours. In addition, students frequently were given homework assignments designed to enhance or clarify lecture material through use of Physical Activity and Teenage Health manuals. Lecture and discussion were followed by 20 to 25 minutes of vigorous PA in the form of resistance exercise to improve muscular strength and endurance or aerobic exercise to improve cardiovascular fitness. Students alternated resistance and aerobic training each day. Resistance exercise consisted of a vigorous programme of circuit weight training at a variety of isotonic and isokinetic exercise stations. Students performed 90‐ to 120‐second bouts of weight lifting at 50% to 70% of the 1‐repetition maximum (maximum resistance that can be lifted 1 time). Aerobic training included a variety of vigorous exercises, such as stationary bicycling, stair stepping, rope jumping, fast walking, jogging, step aerobics, and aerobic dance. Students were instructed to exercise continuously at 70% to 85% of their age‐predicted maximum heart rate. Students were taught how to self‐monitor heart rates during or immediately upon cessation of exercise by palpation of the radial or carotid pulse Comparator: frequency and duration of traditional PE classes were identical to those of Physical Activity and Teenage Health classes. Because PE classes did not include lecture and discussion, they had approximately 5 minutes more PA/class than Physical Activity and Teenage Health classes Duration of intervention: 12 weeks Duration of follow‐up: 12 weeks Number of schools: 3 Theoretical framework: — |
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| Outcomes | BMI Fitness |
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| Study registration | — | |
| Publication details |
Language of publication: English Funding: other funding (Professional Staff Congress ‐ City University of New York, Faculty Research Awards Program, Research Foundation of City University of New York; Department of Health, State of New York; and Operation Fitkids, Inc.) Publication status: peer‐reviewed journal |
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| Stated aim for study | "We sought to assess the effects of a school based intervention program of vigorous exercise integrated with health and nutrition education promoting behavioral change in cardiovascular disease risk factors, heart health knowledge, and fitness levels among urban, multiethnic teenaged girls" | |
| Notes | ||
| Risk of bias | ||
| Bias | Authors' judgement | Support for judgement |
| Random sequence generation (selection bias) | Unclear risk | Comment: randomisation process not reported |
| Allocation concealment (selection bias) | Low risk | Comment: all participants were allocated at a single point in time following recruitment, so at time of recruitment, allocation was not known |
| Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes | Unclear risk | Comment: no information given; likely not done |
| Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes | Unclear risk | Comment: no information given; likely not done |
| Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) Anthropometrics, Fitness | Unclear risk | Comment: incomplete outcome data not addressed |
| Selective reporting (reporting bias) | Unclear risk | Comment: no protocol paper or trial registry |