Table 2.
Functions of FoxOs and expression of target genes in various organs.
| Organs | Function | Genes |
|---|---|---|
| Pancreatic β-cells | Repression of β-cell proliferation | PDX-1, NGN3, NKX61, CyclinD1 |
| Protection against oxidative stress | MafA, NeuroD | |
| Liver | Increase of gluconeogenesis in mice | G6P, PEPCK, PGC-1a |
| Reduced triglyceride levels in pigs, mice | ApoCIII, MTP | |
| Adipose tissue | Control of differentiation | p21, PPARγ |
| Hypothalamus | Acute orexigenic effect | Agrp, Npy |
| Brain | Protection against neuronal death | Bim, Fas ligand |
| Skeletal muscle | Repression of differentiation | Atrogin-1, MuRF1 |
| Induction of muscle atrophy | MAFbx | |
| Vascular endothelial cells | Regulation of endothelial stability | Ang-2, sprouty2 |
| Smooth muscle cells | Repression of differentiation | Myocardin |
| Kidney | Protection of lipotoxicity and disease | Bcl-2, Bax, MnSOD, Bim |
| Testis | Regulation of apoptosis | HOX genes |
| Heart | Protection of heart against ischemia in mouse | MnSOD, Catalase |
| Inhibition of cardiac mass loss in rat | Autophagy genes | |
| Thymus | Regulation of lymphocyte homeostasis | p27 |
| Control of Treg cell differentiation | FoxP3 | |
| Lung | Regulation of lung tumor in mice | p27 |
| Suppression of lung adenocarcinoma in humans | GADD45 |