Table 2.

In vivo study of Chinese medicine treating diabetic complications by inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome.

Names	Origin Drug Sources	Cell Lines	Dosage	Diabetic Complications	Targeted Pathways or pathological mechanisms	Ref
6-shoqaol	Zingiber officinale Roscoe	Human artery smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) + HG(25mM)	-	diabetic vascular complications	Akt/ROS/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling	[88]
Artesunate	Artemisia annua L.	Rat cell line (HBZY-1) + HG(30mM)	15, 30 μg/ml	diabetic nephropathy	TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway	[68]
Astragaloside IV	Astragalus mongholicus Bunge	endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) + ox-LDL(50mM)	10,20,40 μM	diabetic vascular complications	LOX-1/NLRP3 pathway	[92]
Curcumin	Curcuma longa L.	HK-2 cell line + HG(35mM)	5,10,15 μM	diabetic nephropathy		[106]
Dihydroquercetin	Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco	Rat kidney mesangial cells (HBZY-1)/human proximal renal tubular epithelial cells (HK2) + HG(30mM)	10, 20, 40, 80 μM	diabetic nephropathy	ROS, oxidative stress	[75]
Formononetin	Spatholobus suberectus Dunn	SH-SY5Y cells + HG(33mM)	2.5, 5, 10 μM	diabetic cognitive impairment	HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB	[96]
Gallic Acid	Phyllanthus emblica L.	INS-1 cells + HG(25mM)	2.5, 5, 10 μM		TXNIP/NLRP3 signaling	[107]
Ginsenoside metabolite compound K	Panax ginseng C.A.Mey.	Rat glomerular mesangial cell line HBZY-1 cells + HG(30mM)	10, 20, 40, 50 μM	diabetic nephropathy	NF-κB/p38	[74]
Gypenosides	Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino	H9C2 cells / neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVMs) + HG(25/35mM)	100, 200, 400 mg/L	diabetic cardiomyopathy	ROS/NLRP3 signaling	[83]
Liquiritigenin	Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. ex DC.	rat glomerular mesangial cells (HBZY-1) + HG(30mM)	20, 40 μM	diabetic nephropathy	NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling	[69]
Luteolin	Lonicera japonica Thunb.	Mouse podocyte cell-5 (MPC-5) + HG(30mM)	25, 50, 100 μM	diabetic nephropathy	ROS/NLRP3	[72]
Mangiferin	Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge	Human umbilical vein cell line (EA. hy926) + HG(25mM) / TG(1mM)	0.1, 1, 10 μM	diabetic vascular complications	ER stress, TXNIP/NLRP3	[89]
Naringin	Citrus × aurantium L.	Rat glomerular mesangial cells + HG (15, 25, 30, 35, 50 mM glucose)/mannitol (24.4 mM)	5, 10, 20, 40, 80 μM	diabetic nephropathy		[110]
Puerarin	Pueraria montana var. lobata (Willd.) Maesen & S.M.Almeida ex Sanjappa & Predeep	mouse vascular endothelial cell (mMVEC line) + HG(30mM)	1, 10, 25, 50 μM	diabetic vascular complications	ROS/TXNIP/Nlrp3 pathway	[73]
Quercetin	Bupleurum chinense DC.	normal rat hepatocyte line (BRL-3A) / human liver tumour cell line (HepG2) + HG(30mM)	10, 20μM	diabetes-associated NAFLD	TXNIP/NLRP3 signaling	[94]
Rutin	Styphnolobium japonicum (L.) Schott	HUVECs + HG(25mM)	10, 30, 100μM	diabetic vascular complications	ROS/NLRP3 signaling	[90]
Salidroside	Rhodiola crenulata (Hook.f. & Thomson) H.Ohba	Rat glomerular mesangial cell line HBZY-1 + HG(30mM); human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) + AGEs (200 μg/ml); Primary hepatocytes from C57BL6/J + (30 mM glucose) +10 nM insulin	20, 40 μM; 10, 50, 100μM; 0.1, 1, 10μM	diabetic nephropathy; diabetic vascular complications; diabetes-associated NAFLD	TXNIP-NLRP3; AMPK/NF-κB/NLRP3; AMPK-dependent TXNIP/NLRP3	[62, 91, 95]
Sulforaphane	Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin	Rat Müller cell + HG(25mM)	2.5 μM	diabetic retinopathy	oxidative stress, Nrf2 signaling	[101]