Table 2.
Primary and secondary outcome scores at baseline and 3 and 6 months after randomisation
| Psychoeducation (n=112) | Exposure and response prevention (n=112) | Estimated difference (95% CI) | Standardised effect size | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | |||||
| Primary outcome | |||||
| YGTSS-TTSS | 28·4 (7.·1) | 28·4 (7·7) | .. | .. | |
| Secondary outcomes | |||||
| YGTSS-Impairment | 22·9 (9·9) | 23·8 (10·3) | .. | .. | |
| Parent Tic Questionnaire | 53·1 (26·1) | 54·7 (29·9) | .. | .. | |
| Children's Global Assessment Scale | 72·1 (11·8) | 70·7 (13·7) | .. | .. | |
| Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire | 16·3 (6·2) | 18·0 (6·5) | .. | .. | |
| Mood and Feelings Questionnaire | 15·9 (11·5) | 16·3 (11·3) | .. | .. | |
| Spence Child Anxiety Scale* | 30·5 (17·9) | 32·9 (20·2) | .. | .. | |
| C&A-GTS-QOL† | 35·0 (17·2) | 36·6 (16·4) | .. | .. | |
| 3 months | |||||
| Primary outcome | |||||
| YGTSS-TTSS | 26·8 (7·3) | 23·9 (8·2) | −2·29 (−3·86 to −0·71) | −0·31 (−0·52 to −0·10) | |
| Secondary outcomes | |||||
| Patients analysed for secondary outcomes at 3 months (n) | 101 | 100 | .. | .. | |
| YGTSS-Impairment | 19·1 (10·9) | 16·7 (10·4) | −2·24 (−4·82 to 0·33) | .. | |
| Parent Tic Questionnaire | 45·7 (25·5) | 34·7 (26·4) | −9·44 (−15·37 to −3·51) | .. | |
| Clinical Global Impression-Improvement | 3·37 (1·11) | 2·96 (1·1) | −0·41 (−0·71 to −0·11) | .. | |
| Children's Global Assessment Scale | 75·2 (12·6) | 75·9 (12·6) | 0·96 (−1·48 to 3·41) | .. | |
| Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire | 14·2 (6·3) | 14·7 (6·1) | −0·38 (−1·62 to 0·85) | .. | |
| Mood and Feelings Questionnaire | 12·6 (11·1) | 10·7 (11·1) | −1·36 (−3·75 to 1·02) | .. | |
| Spence Child Anxiety Scale | 28·2 (18·3) | 27·2 (19·0) | −2·80 (−6·52 to 0·93) | .. | |
| C&A-GTS-QOL† | 31·8 (17·7) | 25·7 (18·0) | −4·81 (−8·79 to −0·83) | .. | |
| 6 months | |||||
| Primary outcome | |||||
| YGTSS-TTSS | 25·0 (7·6) | 21·5 (8·8) | −2·64 (−4·56 to −0·73) | −0·36 (−0·62 to −0·10) | |
| Secondary outcomes | |||||
| Patients analysed for secondary outcomes at 6 months (n) | 93 | 93 | .. | .. | |
| YGTSS-Impairment | 17·0 (10·5) | 14·7 (10·7) | −1·95 (−4·68 to 0·78) | .. | |
| Parent Tic Questionnaire | 40·6 (24·3) | 31·1 (21·6) | −8·60 (−14·43 to −2·77) | .. | |
| Clinical Global Impression Scale–Improvement | 3·1 (1·1) | 2·8 (1·3) | −0·31 (−0·66 to 0·03) | .. | |
| Children's Global Assessment Scale | 76·8 (12·3) | 77·5 (14·7) | 0·60 (−2·24 to 3·44) | .. | |
| Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire | 13·3 (6·1) | 15·3 (6·2) | 0·57 (−0·93 to 2·07) | .. | |
| Mood and Feelings Questionnaire | 11·4 (11·2) | 11·4 (12·1) | −0·61 (−3·85 to 2·64) | .. | |
| Spence Child Anxiety Scale | 25·9 (18·7) | 25·7 (19·6) | −5·10 (−9·70 to −0·50) | .. | |
| C&A-GTS-QOL† | 28·9 (18·3) | 27·4 (16·5) | −2·91 (−7·60 to 1·78) | .. | |
Data are mean (SD) unless otherwise specified and are calculated for all available data. YGTSS=Yale Global Tic Severity Scale. TTSS=Total Tic Severity Score. C&A-GTS-QOL=Child and Adolescent Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome–Quality of Life Scale. Statistical models were adjusted for the baseline measure of the outcome in question (except the Clinical Global Impressions Scale-Improvement) and site. For the standardised effect size, YGTSS-TTSS was standardised by the pooled mean and SD at baseline. 3 months after randomisation, there were 12 missing observations (11%) for the primary outcome in the Exposure and Response Prevention group compared with 11 (10%) in the psychoeducation group. The quantity of missing data for secondary outcomes was similar between groups.
One value missing at baseline.
Higher scores for C&A-GTS-QOL indicate worse quality of life.