Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of study participants and descriptive statistics for predictor and outcome variables
| Variables | Luxembourg |
Germany |
Brazil |
Test of significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | χ2 | |
| Gender (girls)a | 233 (60) | 241 (54) | 381 (59) | χ2(2, N = 1,489) = 3.60, p = .17 |
| Residence area (city or town) | 150 (39)1 | 240 (57)1 | 590 (97)1 | χ2(2, N = 1,416) = 422.50, p < .001 |
| Dwelling (with outside area) | 319 (80)1 | 384 (84)2 | 325 (49)1,2 | χ2(2, N = 1,512) = 188.58, p < .001 |
| Siblings (yes) | 321 (81)1 | 365 (80)2 | 448 (68)1,2 | χ2(2, N = 1,511) = 33.32, p < .001 |
| Own bedroom (yes) | 354 (89)1 | 420 (92)2 | 478 (72)1,2 | χ2(2, N = 1,514) = 89.61, p < .001 |
| Access to computer/tablet at home (yes) | 386 (97)1 | 434 (95)2 | 409 (62)1,2 | χ2(2, N = 1,515) = 287.75, p < .001 |
| School status at the time of survey completion (fully closed) | 191 (48)1 | 294 (65)1 | 655 (99)1 | χ2(2, N = 1,512) = 389.17, p < .001 |
| Illness (self or household member) due to the pandemic (yes)a | 75 (19)1 | 56 (12)1 | 199 (30)1 | χ2(2, N = 1,515) = 52.73, p < .001 |
| Social class (based on HISEI) | χ2(2, N = 1,204) = 463.47, p < .001 | |||
| Low | 24 (7)1 | 19 (5)1 | 78 (16)1 | |
| Middle | 55 (17) | 37 (9) | 51 (11) | |
| High |
251 (76) |
346 (86) |
343 (73) |
|
| Mean (SD) |
Mean (SD) |
Mean (SD) |
F |
|
| Agea | 12.75 (1.99) | 12.71 (2.03) | 12.84 (1.81) | F(2, 1,512) = .73, p = .48 |
| Life satisfaction before the pandemica | 6.67 (1.10)1 | 6.65 (1.00)2 | 6.49 (1.10)1,2 | F(2, 1,512) = 4.63, p = .01 |
| School performance before the pandemica | 6.50 (.97)1 | 6.57 (.94)2 | 6.25 (1.00)1,2 | F(2, 1,512) = 17.51, p < .001 |
| Fear of becoming ill during the pandemica | 2.26 (.97)1,2 | 2.00 (.92)1 | 2.08 (.94)2 | F(2, 1,485) = 8.09, p < .001 |
| Satisfaction with freedom during the pandemica | 2.54 (1.04)1 | 2.62 (.98)2 | 1.91 (.94)1,2 | F(2, 1,465) = 84.32, p < .001 |
| Difficulty and quantity of schoolwork during the pandemica | 4.13 (1.53)1 | 4.05 (1.53)2 | 4.71 (1.54)1,2 | F(2, 1,478) = 30.26, p < .001 |
| Content of schoolwork during the pandemica | 4.69 (1.45)1 | 4.41 (1.48)1,2 | 4.58 (1.62)2 | F(2, 1,480) = 3.43, p = .03 |
| Leisure time before the pandemica | 3.41 (.92)1 | 3.53 (.84)2 | 3.13 (.96)1,2 | F(2, 1,508) = 28.37, p < .001 |
| Internet use before the pandemica | 1.95 (.89)1 | 1.68 (.90)1 | 2.36 (.80)1 | F(2, 1,501) = 127.37, p <. 001 |
| Screen time during the pandemica | 4.52 (1.52)1 | 4.41 (1.50)2 | 4.96 (1.57)1,2 | F(2, 1,508) = 28.32, p < .001 |
| Physical activities during the pandemica | 5.21 (1.70)1 | 5.57 (1.54)1 | 3.41 (1.51)1 | F(2, 1,504) = 305.19, p < .001 |
| Passive activities during the pandemica | 5.02 (1.51)1 | 5.23 (1.46)2 | 5.50 (1.60)1,2 | F(2, 1,505) = 12.98, p < .001 |
| Parental occupational status (HISEI)a | 67.94 (16.32)1 | 72.58 (13.75)1,2 | 66.29 (21.37)2 | F(2, 1,201) = 14.21, p < .001 |
| Wealth possessionsa | 5.60 (2.09)1 | 4.38 (1.75)1 | 3.85 (2.07)1 | F(2, 1,511) = 99.02, p < .001 |
| Cultural possessionsa | 3.60 (1.89)1 | 4.46 (1.74)1 | 1.91 (1.81)1 | F(2, 1,512) = 288.32, p < .001 |
| Satisfaction with the way adults listen during the pandemica | 3.02 (.90)1 | 2.98 (.91)2 | 2.76 (.96)1,2 | F(2, 1,468) = 11.76, p < .001 |
| Contact with teachers during the pandemica | 2.98 (.96)1 | 2.22 (1.01)1 | 3.26 (1.04)1 | F(2, 1,476) = 141.43, p < .001 |
| Lengths of not attending school due to the pandemica | 8.36 (1.84)1 | 8.59 (2.13)2 | 9.95 (3.26)1,2 | F(2, 1,509) = 59.24, p < .001 |
| General life satisfaction during the pandemicb | 2.74 (.81)1 | 2.58 (.74)1 | 2.28 (.78)1 | F(2, 1,512) = 47.97, p < .001 |
| Satisfaction with school life during the pandemicb | 2.76 (.81)1 | 2.58 (.83)1 | 2.20 (.83)1 | F(2, 1,512) = 63.50, p < .001 |
| Satisfaction with health and safety during the pandemicb | 6.68 (1.33)1 | 6.59 (1.44)2 | 6.02 (1.60)1,2 | F(2, 1,512) = 32.49, p < .001 |
| Negative effects during the pandemicb | 8.28 (2.78)1 | 7.99 (2.66)2 | 9.25 (2.94)1,2 | F(2, 1,512) = 30.86, p < .001 |
| Worries during the pandemicb | 7.15 (2.70)1 | 6.90 (2.49)2 | 8.76 (3.00)1,2 | F(2, 1,512) = 72.21, p < .001 |
Note: HISEI score [21] of either caretaker or the only available caretaker’s score (low: <37; middle: between 37 and 63; high: >63). Figures with the same superscript numbers are statistically different per post hoc tests with Bonferroni corrections.
HISEI = Highest International Socio-Economic Index; SD = standard deviation.
a
Predictor variables.
b
Outcome variables.