Table 5.

Proportion of gamification elements included in interventions for populations with chronic conditions and interventions for disease prevention in populations at risk

Gamification element	Psychological need	Number of interventions with element	Population type
			Condition management (N = 31)	Condition prevention (N = 19)
			N (%)	N (%)
Total interventions			31 (100)	19 (100)
Game design elements reflecting engaged learning
Affiliation with others	Relatedness to others	33	20 (64)	13 (68)
Focused goals	Autonomy	29	17 (55)	12 (63)
Novelty and variety	Autonomy	22	10 (32)	12 (63)
Affirmation of performance	Perceived competence	20	13 (42)	7 (37)
Clear and compelling standards	Perceived competence	19	16 (52)	3 (16)
Choice	Autonomy	17	12 (39)	5 (26)
Challenging tasks	Perceived competence	13	8 (26)	5 (26)
Protection from Adverse consequences for initial failures	Perceived competence	3	2 (6)	1 (5)
Game design elements reflecting motivational affordances
Teammates	Relatedness to others	10	7 (22)	3 (16)
Performance graphs	Perceived competence	7	3 (10)	4 (21)
Meaningful stories	Relatedness to others	3	2 (6)	1 (5)
Badges	Perceived competence	2	1 (3)	1 (5)
Points	Perceived competence	2	2 (6)	0 (0)
Leaderboard	Perceived competence	1	1 (3)	0 (0)
Avatars	Relatedness to others	0	0 (0)	0 (0)