Table 6.

Proportion of gamification elements included in interventions for populations with chronic conditions and interventions for disease prevention in populations at risk by chronic condition type

		Condition management (N = 31)			Condition prevention (N = 19)
Gamification element	Number of interventions with element	Obesity or overweight	Diabetes	Cardiovascular disease	Asthma	Obesity or overweight	Diabetes	Cardiovascular disease
		N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)
Total interventions		25 (100)	4 (100)	1 (100)	1 (100)	9 (100)	7 (100)	3 (100)
Game design elements reflecting engaged learning
Affiliation with others	33	15 (60)	3 (75)	1 (100)	1 (100)	5 (56)	6 (86)	2 (67)
Focused goals	29	14 (56)	2 (50)	0 (0)	1 (100)	6 (67)	4 (57)	2 (67)
Novelty and variety	22	8 (32)	1 (25)	0 (0)	1 (100)	5 (56)	6 (86)	1 (33)
Affirmation of performance	20	11 (44)	1 (25)	0 (0)	1 (100)	4 (44)	3 (43)	0 (0)
Clear and compelling standards	19	13 (52)	1 (25)	1 (100)	1 (100)	1 (11)	2 (28)	0 (0)
Choice	17	9 (36)	2 (50)	0 (0)	1 (100)	3 (33)	1 (14)	1 (33)
Challenging tasks	13	7 (28)	1 (25)	0 (0)	0 (0)	4 (44)	1 (14)	0 (0)
Protection from adverse consequences for initial failures	6	2 (8)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	1 (33)
Game design elements reflecting motivational affordances
Teammates	10	6 (24)	1 (25)	0 (0)	0 (0)	2 (22)	0 (0)	0 (0)
Performance graphs	7	3 (12)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	3 (33)	1 (14)	0 (0)
Meaningful stories	3	1 (4)	1 (25)	0 (0)	0 (0)	1 (11)	0 (0)	0 (0)
Badges	2	0 (0)	1 (25)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	1 (33)
Points	2	1 (4)	1 (25)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)
Leaderboard	1	1 (4)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)
Avatars	0	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)