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. 2021 Sep 23;11:18910. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-98082-w

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Pyruvate starvation enhances the polyol pathway under high-glucose conditions. (A and B) Concentration of sorbitol (A) and fructose (B) in IMS32 cells at 6 h in the [Glc 5 mM/Pyr (+)] (blue), [Glc 5 mM/Pyr (−)] (yellow), [Glc 15 mM/Pyr (+)] (brown), and [Glc 15 mM/Pyr (−)] (green) groups as determined by LC/MS/MS. (C) Relative AR protein expression in IMS32 cells at 1 h in the four groups as measured by Western blotting. Blots for AR and β-actin are shown in Fig. S4A. (D) The AR inhibitor, ranirestat, partially improved the viability of IMS32 cells under high-glucose pyruvate-starved conditions. Cell viability at 24 h after exposure to the four conditions described above and [Glc 15 mM/Pyr (−)/Ranirestat (+)] (red) was determined by MTS assay. Values represent mean + SD from eight (A and B), three (C), and six (D) experiments (individual values are depicted as circles, triangles, pluses, crosses and asterisks). * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01.