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. 2021 Sep 23;11:18910. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-98082-w

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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PARP is involved in IMS32 cell death under high-glucose pyruvate-starved conditions by suppressing GAPDH activity and glycolytic flux. (A) Relative protein expression of full-length (dark colors) and cleaved (light colors) PARP in IMS32 cells at 1 h in the [Glc 5 mM/Pyr (+)] (blue), [Glc 5 mM/Pyr (−)] (yellow), [Glc 15 mM/Pyr (+)] (brown), and [Glc 15 mM/Pyr (−)] (green) groups was determined by Western blotting. Blots for PARP and β-actin are shown in Fig. S4B. (B and C) The PARP inhibitor, rucaparib, prevented cell death and ATP depletion under high-glucose pyruvate-starved conditions. Cell viability (B) at 24 h and intracellular ATP contents (C) at 3 h in the four groups described above and the [Glc 15 mM/Pyr (−)/Rucaparib (+)] (red) group were determined by MTS assay (B) and CellTiter Glo 2.0 assay (C). (D and E) Treatment with rucaparib (purple) ameliorated the decline in basal GAPDH activity at 4 min (dark colors) and 6 min (light colors) after the initiation of measurement (D) and GAPDH activity/min (E) under high-glucose pyruvate-starved conditions. Intracellular contents of NAD (F) and NADH (G) at 1 h under these conditions described as (B) were determined. (H and I). Rucaparib (purple) improved ECAR (F) to a greater extent than benfotiamine (red), whereas neither agent could restore mitochondrial respiration (G) under high-glucose pyruvate-starved conditions. Values represent the mean + SD from three (A, F and G), eight (B and C), three (D and E), and 9–12 (H and I) experiments (individual values are depicted as circles, triangles, pluses, crosses and asterisks). (D) (a1) Basal GAPDH activity at 4 and 6 min (P < 0.01), (a2) 4 min (P < 0.05), and 6 min (P < 0.01). * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01.