Table 1.
Maternal demographics, labor, delivery, and health history.
| Characteristics | UNS (n = 22) | EVC (n = 26) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
| Maternal age at enrollment (years) | 31.0 | 3.4 | 33 | 4.7 |
| Prepregnancy BMI | 24.5 | 3.1 | 26.2 | 3.5 |
| Pregnancy weight gain (kg) | 31.1 | 7.7 | 33.7 | 11.8 |
| Hours in labor | 22.0 | 26.0 | 11.3 | 12.6 |
| Ruptured membranes prior to birth (h) | 12.4 | 19.2 | 7.1 | 12.0 |
| Number of pregnancies | 2.0 | 1.5 | 2.8 | 1.7* |
| Number of live births | 1.5 | 1.0 | 2.2 | 1.1** |
| Parity, % (n) | ||||
| Primiparous | 77.3% (17) | 34.6% (9)** | ||
| Multiparous | 22.7% (5) | 65.4% (17) | ||
| Mode of delivery, % (n) | ||||
| Vaginal | 63.6% (14) | 69.2% (18) | ||
| Vaginal water birth | 18.2% (4) | 0% (0) | ||
| C-section, emergent | 13.6% (3) | 15.4% (4) | ||
| C-section, elective | 4.5% (1) | 15.4% (4) | ||
| Ethnicity, % (n) | ||||
| Not hispanic | 90.9% (20) | 76.9% (20) | ||
| Hispanic | 9.1% (2) | 23.1% (6) | ||
| Race, % (n) | ||||
| Asian | 4.5% (1) | 0% (0) | ||
| Black | 4.5% (1) | 0% (0) | ||
| White | 81.8% (18) | 73.1% (19) | ||
| Other | 0% (0) | 7.7% (2) | ||
| 2 or More races | 9.1% (2) | 19.2% (5) | ||
| Education, % (n) | ||||
| Some college, no degree, or AA degree | 13.6% (3) | 19.2% (5) | ||
| Bachelor’s degree (BA or BS) | 36.4% (8) | 34.6% (9) | ||
| Master’s, professional, or doctorate degree | 50% (11) | 46.2% (12) | ||
| Antibiotic use during labor, % (n) | ||||
| Yes | 18.2% (4) | 26.9% (7) | ||
| No | 81.8% (18) | 73.1% (19) | ||
| Gestational diabetes mellitus positive diagnosis, % (n) | ||||
| Yes | 9.1% (2) | 7.7% (2) | ||
| No | 90.9% (20) | 92.3% (24) | ||
| Group B Streptococcus (GBS) colonization positive diagnosis, % (n) | ||||
| Yes | 22.7% (5) | 30.8% (8) | ||
| No | 77.3% (17) | 69.2% (18) | ||
| Any allergy diagnosis in past 10 years, % (n) | ||||
| Yes | 36.4% (8) | 26.9% (7) | ||
| No | 63.6% (14) | 73.1% (19) | ||
| Asthma diagnosis in past 10 years, % (n) | ||||
| Yes | 22.7% (5) | 7.7% (2) | ||
| No | 77.3% (17) | 92.3% (24) | ||
| Hay fever diagnosis in past 10 years, % (n) | ||||
| Yes | 0% (0) | 7.7% (2) | ||
| No | 100% (22) | 92.3% (24) | ||
| Autoimmune disease diagnosis in past 10 years, % (n) | ||||
| Yes | 0% (0) | 15.4% (4) | ||
| No | 100% (22) | 84.6% (22) | ||
| Impaired glucose tolerance in past 10 years, % (n) | ||||
| Yes | 0% (0) | 0% (0) | ||
| No | 100% (22) | 100% (26) | ||
*P < 0.05.
**P < 0.01 for differences between treatment groups.