TABLE 4.
Odds ratios (95% CIs) for Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) plus elevated ALT* by quartiles of meat consumption in the Golestan Cohort Study
| Quartiles of meat consumption | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | P trend | |
| Total Red meat | |||||
| Case/participant, n | 19/160 | 25/219 | 33/267 | 47/313 | |
| Age and sex adjusted OR (95%CI) | 1 | 1.03 (0.54–1.96) | 1.13 (0.61–2.08) | 1.61 (0.90–2.89) | 0.046 |
| Fully adjusted OR (95%CI)1 | 1 | 1.00 (0.51–1.97) | 1.28 (0.67–2.48) | 1.64 (0.86–3.12) | 0.055 |
| Unprocessed red meat | |||||
| Age and sex adjusted OR (95%CI) | 1 | 2.08 (1.03–4.23) | 1.24 (0.60–2.58) | 1.93 (0.99–3.77) | 0.22 |
| Fully adjusted OR (95%CI)1 | 1 | 2.39 (1.14–5.00) | 1.48 (0.68–3.21) | 2.29 (1.09–4.8) | 0.17 |
| Processed meat | |||||
| Age and sex adjusted OR (95%CI) | 1 | 1 | 0.75 (0.46–1.23) | 1.12 (0.71–1.76) | 0.41 |
| Fully adjusted OR (95%CI)1 | 1 | 1 | 0.80 (0.49–1.33) | 1.09 (0.67–1.76) | 0.56 |
| Organ meat | |||||
| Age and sex adjusted OR (95%CI) | 1 | 1.21 (0.73–2.02) | 1.13 (0.65–1.96) | 1.61 (0.91–2.86) | 0.13 |
| Fully adjusted OR (95%CI)1 | 1 | 1.28 (0.75–2.17) | 1.23 (0.69–2.17) | 1.78 (0.97–3.29) | 0.13 |
| Total white meat | |||||
| Case/participant, n | 112/327 | 127/342 | 125/318 | 141/353 | |
| Age and sex adjusted OR (95%CI) | 1 | 1.37 (0.77–2.44) | 1.51 (0.84–2.70) | 1.66 (0.95–2.89) | 0.091 |
| Fully adjusted OR (95%CI)1 | 1 | 1.27 (0.69–2.34) | 1.43 (0.77–2.65) | 1.54 (0.84–2.82) | 0.22 |
| Chicken | |||||
| Age and sex adjusted OR (95%CI) | 1 | 1.25 (0.73–2.13) | 1.67 (0.96–2.91) | 1.33 (0.76–2.32) | 0.29 |
| Fully adjusted OR (95%CI) 1 | 1 | 1.14 (0.65–2.00) | 1.56 (0.87–2.82) | 1.17 (0.64–2.13) | 0.66 |
| Fish | |||||
| Age and sex adjusted OR (95%CI) | 1 | 0.69 (0.35–1.36) | 0.43 (0.22–0.86) | 0.76 (0.41–1.40) | 0.56 |
| Fully adjusted OR (95%CI) 1 | 1 | 0.75 (0.37–1.54) | 0.42 (0.20–0.88) | 0.75 (0.37–1.51) | 0.62 |
*
defined as ALT>45 in men and ALT>30 in women
1
Adjusted for age (years), sex (male, female), waist (<88, ≥88 for females and <102, ≥102 for males), formal education (yes, no), smoking status (never, former, current), opium use (never, ever), physical activity (tertile, MET), ethnicity (Turkman, non-Turkman), wealth score (tertile), alcohol drinker (ever, never), total energy intake (kcal/d); In red meat models we also adjusted for white meat consumption (and vice versa), and in each meat subtype model (e.g. organ meat) we adjusted for other subtypes (e.g. processed and unprocessed meat).