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. 2021 Sep 23;4:1055. doi: 10.1038/s42003-021-02578-0

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — The experiment begins with an open-loop run in which the participant reads a series of 100 words aloud while the speech and brain activity are synchronously recorded. In the two subsequent closed-loop runs, the participant performs the same task while whispering and imagining speech, respectively. For the closed-loop runs, real-time audible feedback of the neurally-decoded and synthesized speech is provided via our system.