Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of study participants by the presence of LEAD.
|
Total
N = 1,013 |
Without LEAD
N = 518 |
With LEAD
N = 495 |
P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male/Female | 598/415 | 280/238 | 318/177 | 0.001 |
| Age, years | 60 (53–66) | 56 (46–62) | 63 (58–69) | <0.001 |
| Duration, years | 11 (6–17) | 10 (4–15) | 14 (9–20) | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.5 (22.6–27.1) | 24.7 (22.7–27.6) | 24.4 (22.6–26.7) | 0.097 |
| SBP, mmHg | 130 (120–140) | 130 (120–140) | 130 (120–142) | 0.021 |
| DBP, mmHg | 80 (70–85) | 80 (74–88) | 80 (70–85) | 0.003 |
| HbA1c, % | 8.5 (7.2–10.1) | 8.5 (7.1–10.2) | 8.4 (7.3–9.9) | 0.472 |
| GA, % | 21.3 (17.6–26.5) | 21.3 (17.5–26.2) | 21.4 (17.6–26.8) | 0.623 |
| FPG, mmol/L | 7.4 (6.1–9.1) | 7.4 (6.2–9.1) | 7.4 (5.9–9.0) | 0.286 |
| FCP, ng/ml | 1.70 (1.11–2.44) | 1.68 (1.12–2.41) | 1.72 (1.11–2.47) | 0.572 |
| TC, mmol/L | 4.60 (3.87–5.37) | 4.69 (3.96–5.40) | 4.55 (3.79–5.35) | 0.120 |
| TG, mmol/L | 1.44 (1.03–2.16) | 1.50 (1.03–2.29) | 1.38 (1.03–2.03) | 0.061 |
| HDL-c, mmol/L | 1.05 (0.88–1.27) | 1.05 (0.87–1.26) | 1.05 (0.88–1.27) | 0.683 |
| LDL-c, mmol/L | 2.74 (2.13–3.40) | 2.76 (2.15–3.38) | 2.70 (2.12–3.43) | 0.614 |
| CRP, mg/L | 0.83 (0.38–1.75) | 0.84 (0.38–1.87) | 0.83 (0.38–1.66) | 0.640 |
| AGEs | 76.1 (70.2–82.6) | 73.8 (68.9–80.0) | 78.6 (72.4–84.9) | <0.001 |
| AGEage | 45.8 (37.7–53.0) | 41.2 (32.5–48.8) | 49.3 (43.2–56.5) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes family history, n (%) | 606 (59.8) | 307 (59.3) | 299 (60.4) | 0.712 |
| Hypertension history, n (%) | 513 (50.6) | 216 (41.7) | 297 (60.0) | <0.001 |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 245 (24.2) | 111 (21.4) | 134 (27.1) | 0.036 |
| Anti-diabetic agents, n(%) | ||||
| Oral anti-diabetes drugs | 697 (68.8) | 357 (68.9) | 340 (68.7) | 0.936 |
| Metformin | 455 (44.9) | 243 (46.9) | 212 (42.8) | 0.206 |
| Sulfonylureas | 224 (22.1) | 108 (20.8) | 116 (23.4) | 0.326 |
| Thiazolidinediones | 70 (6.9) | 36 (6.9) | 34 (6.9) | 0.993 |
| Glinides | 68 (6.7) | 33 (6.4) | 35 (7.1) | 0.707 |
| DPP-4 inhibitors | 110 (10.9) | 57 (11.0) | 53 (10.7) | 0.920 |
| Glycosidase inhibitors | 375 (37.0) | 175 (33.8) | 196 (39.6) | 0.104 |
| SGLT-2 inhibitors | 5 (0.5) | 2 (0.4) | 3 (0.6) | 0.680 |
| GLP-1 receptor agonists | 15 (1.5) | 9 (1.7) | 6 (1.2) | 0.606 |
| Insulin | 705 (69.6) | 348 (67.2) | 357 (72.1) | 0.088 |
| Antihypertension agents, n(%) | 468 (46.2) | 189 (36.5) | 279 (56.4) | <0.001 |
| ACE inhibitors | 12 (1.2) | 6 (1.2) | 6 (1.2) | 1.000 |
| ARBs | 336 (33.2) | 129 (24.9) | 207 (41.8) | <0.001 |
| CCBs | 235 (23.2) | 104 (20.1) | 131 (26.5) | 0.017 |
| β-Blockers | 106 (10.5) | 46 (8.9) | 60 (12.1) | 0.101 |
| Diuretics | 78 (7.7) | 31 (6.0) | 47 (9.5) | 0.045 |
| Lipid-lowering agents, n(%) | 657 (64.9) | 296 (57.1) | 361 (72.9) | <0.001 |
| Statins | 589 (58.1) | 249 (48.1) | 340 (68.7) | <0.001 |
| Fibrates | 74 (7.3) | 51 (9.8) | 23 (4.6) | 0.002 |
| Ezetimibe | 2 (0.2) | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.2) | 1.000 |
| Aspirin, n (%) | 305 (30.1) | 107 (20.7) | 198 (40.0) | <0.001 |
Data are expressed as median with interquartile range or n (%).
ACE, angiotension-converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin receptor blockers; CCB, calcium channel blockers; DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase 4; GLP-1, glucagon like peptide-1; SGLT-2, sodium–glucose cotransporter-2.