Table 3.
Distribution of sample characteristics by total and will to live groups.
| n | Total | Will to Live | p | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) or mean (SD) |
No
n (%) or mean (SD) |
Yes
n (%) or mean (SD) |
No clear positioning
n (%) or mean (SD) |
|||
| Total | 121 | 121 (100.0) | 37 (30.6) | 38 (31.4) | 46 (38.0) | - |
| Sociodemographic characteristics | ||||||
| Age, mean (SD) | 121 | 101.0 (1.5) | 100.9 (1.5) | 101.0 (1.4) | 101.2 (1.5) | 0.665** |
| Sex [male] | 121 | 19 (15.7) | 4 (10.8) | 8 (21.1) | 7 (15.2) | 0.473* |
| Education [no formal education] | 121 | 55 (45.5) | 15 (40.5) | 17 (44.7) | 23 (50.0) | 0.687* |
| Institutionalized [yes] | 121 | 49 (40.5) | 17 (45.9) | 15 (39.5) | 17 (37.0) | 0.701* |
| Health condition | ||||||
| Pain frequency | 109 | 0.040* | ||||
| Never | 19 (17.4) | 4 (11.8) | 10 (28.6) | 5 (12.5) | ||
| Seldom | 22 (20.2) | 4 (11.8) | 10 (28.6) | 8 (20.0) | ||
| Sometimes | 32 (29.4) | 9 (26.5) | 7 (20.0) | 16 (40.0) | ||
| Often/always | 36 (33.0) | 17 (50.0) | 8 (22.9) | 11 (27.5) | ||
| SRH | 112 | <0.001* | ||||
| Bad | 20 (17.9) | 14 (42.4) | 3 (8.3) | 3 (7.0) | ||
| Reasonable | 42 (37.5) | 10 (30.3) | 12 (33.3) | 20 (46.5) | ||
| Good, very good, excellent | 50 (44.6) | 9 (27.3) | 21 (58.3) | 20 (46.5) | ||
| IADL, mean (SD) | 118 | 3.71 (3.21) | 2.99 (2.56) | 3.86 (3.49) | 4.18 (3.39) | 0.240** |
| ADL, mean (SD) | 121 | 8.23 (4.26) | 7.63 (4.16) | 8.04 (4.53) | 8.87 (4.13) | 0.402** |
| Number of health conditions, mean (SD) | 121 | 3.61 (1.94) | 3.30 (1.61) | 4.00 (2.19) | 3.54 (1.94) | 0.281** |
| Physical fatigue [yes] | 115 | 49 (42.6) | 17 (51.5) | 15 (39.5) | 17 (38.6) | 0.471* |
| Social functioning | ||||||
| Number of visits | 105 | 0.457*** | ||||
| None | 8 (7.6) | 2 (6.1) | 3 (8.8) | 3 (7.9) | ||
| 1–2 | 35 (33.3) | 16 (48.5) | 9 (26.5) | 10 (26.3) | ||
| 3–4 | 24 (22.9) | 7 (21.2) | 7 (20.6) | 10 (26.3) | ||
| 5+ | 38 (36.2) | 8 (24.2) | 15 (44.1) | 15 (39.5) | ||
| Time with people centenarians did not live with | 104 | 0.122* | ||||
| None | 16 (15.4) | 8 (24.2) | 4 (12.5) | 4 (10.3) | ||
| Once/week | 18 (17.3) | 9 (27.3) | 6 (18.8) | 3 (7.7) | ||
| 2–6/week | 38 (36.5) | 9 (27.3) | 13 (40.6) | 16 (41.0) | ||
| One or more/day | 32 (30.8) | 7 (21.2) | 9 (28.1) | 16 (41.0) | ||
| See or hear from relatives | 98 | 0.317* | ||||
| None | 3 (3.1) | 1 (3.0) | 1 (3.1) | 1 (3.0) | ||
| 1–2 | 22 (22.4) | 7 (21.2) | 11 (34.4) | 4 (12.1) | ||
| 3+ | 73 (74.5) | 25 (75.8) | 20 (62.5) | 28 (84.8) | ||
| Have relatives as confidants | 81 | 0.128* | ||||
| None | 21 (25.9) | 9 (39.1) | 6 (20.7) | 6 (20.7) | ||
| 1-2 | 35 (43.2) | 11 (47.8) | 14 (48.3) | 10 (34.5) | ||
| 3+ | 25 (30.9) | 3 (13.0) | 9 (31.0) | 13 (44.8) | ||
| See or hear from friends | 83 | 0.134* | ||||
| None | 25 (30.1) | 12 (50.0) | 8 (26.7) | 5 (17.2) | ||
| 1–2 | 18 (21.7) | 4 (16.7) | 7 (23.3) | 7 (24.1) | ||
| 3+ | 40 (48.2) | 8 (33.3) | 15 (50.0) | 17 (58.6) | ||
| Have friends as confidants | 71 | 0.015*** | ||||
| None | 43 (60.6) | 21 (87.5) | 12 (42.9) | 10 (52.6) | ||
| 1–2 | 19 (26.8) | 2 (8.3) | 11 (39.3) | 6 (31.6) | ||
| 3+ | 9 (12.7) | 1 (4.2) | 5 (17.9) | 3 (15.8) | ||
| Feel alone | 74 | 0.928* | ||||
| Yes, many times | 15 (20.3) | 5 (20.8) | 4 (15.4) | 6 (25.0) | ||
| Sometimes | 22 (29.7) | 8 (33.3) | 9 (34.6) | 5 (20.8) | ||
| Almost never | 18 (24.3) | 5 (20.8) | 7 (26.9) | 6 (25.0) | ||
| Never | 19 (25.7) | 6 (25.0) | 6 (23.1) | 7 (29.2) | ||
| Well-being | ||||||
| Satisfaction with life, mean (SD) | 78 | 6.54 (1.93) | 5.79 (2.06) | 6.93 (2.00) | 6.81 (1.59) | 0.072** |
| Positive VOL (total), mean (SD) | 81 | 16.7 (6.0) | 11.1 (4.9) | 20.0 (4.9) | 18.2 (4.5) | <0.001** |
| Positive VOL factor 1, mean (SD) | 81 | 9.39 (3.58) | 6.08 (3.04) | 11.1 (2.8) | 10.5 (2.8) | <0.001** |
| Positive VOL factor 2, mean (SD) | 81 | 7.32 (2.81) | 5.07 (2.60) | 8.84 (2.48) | 7.71 (2.06) | <0.001** |
*
Chi-square test;
**
one-way ANOVA;
***
Fisher's exact test.