TABLE 2.
Altered levels of exosomal proteins in ALS.
| Protein | Sample Type | Sample Size | Exosome Isolation Method | Detection method | References |
| SOD1 | NSC-34 cells | NA | Sucrose gradient centrifugation | Western blot: CD9 | Gomes et al., 2007 |
| SOD1 | Astrocytes | NA | UC | Electron Microscopy/Western blot: flotillin-1 | Basso et al., 2013 |
| SOD1 | NSC-34 cells | NA | UC | Electron Microscopy | Grad et al., 2014 |
| SOD1 | Microglia | NA | UC | Atomic force microscopy (AFM) | Massenzio et al., 2018 |
| SOD1 | Mouse/human brain and spinal cord tissues | 5 patients; 4 controls | Sucrose gradient centrifugation | Western blot: SOD1, PrP, actin, GRP78/Bip, CD9 | Silverman et al., 2019 |
| TDP-43 | SH-SY5Y cells | NA | ExoQuick-TC kit (SBI) | CD63 | Nonaka et al., 2013 |
| TDP-43 | CSF | 18 patients; 8 ALS plus FTD patients; 15 controls | UC | Western blot: Flotillin 1 | Ding et al., 2015 |
| TDP-43 | Neuro2a cells and primary neurons brain tissues mouse serum | 3 patients; 3 controls | UC | Electron microscopy Western blot: CD63 and ALIX | Iguchi et al., 2016 |
| TDP-43 | Serum | 18 patients | Immuno-affinity | Transmission Electron Microscopy | Chen et al., 2020 |
| FUS | SH-SY5Y and N2A cells | NA | UC | Western blot: ALIX, TSG101 and CD63 | Kamelgarn et al., 2016 |
| DPR | NSC-34 cells | NA | Total Exosome Isolation kit (Thermo Fisher) | Western blot: flotillin, TSG101, and CD63 | Westergard et al., 2016 |
| NOC2L | CSF | 3 patients; 3 controls | SEC | Western blot analysis: CD9, CD81 Electron microscopy: CD81, CD9, and NIR | Hayashi et al., 2020 |
| PDCD6IP | CSF | 3 patients; 3 controls | SEC | Western blot analysis: CD9, CD81 Electron microscopy: CD81, CD9, and NIR | Hayashi et al., 2020 |
| VCAN | CSF | 3 patients; 3 controls | SEC | Western blot analysis: CD9, CD81 Electron microscopy: CD81, CD9, and NIR | Hayashi et al., 2020 |
| SERPINA3 | CSF | 3 patients; 3 controls | SEC | Western blot analysis: CD9, CD81 Electron microscopy: CD81, CD9, and NIR | Hayashi et al., 2020 |
| PTPRZ1 | CSF | 3 patients; 3 controls | SEC | Western blot analysis: CD9, CD81 Electron microscopy: CD81, CD9, and NIR | Hayashi et al., 2020 |
| C1QC | CSF | 3 patients; 3 controls | SEC | Western blot analysis: CD9, CD81 Electron microscopy: CD81, CD9, and NIR | Hayashi et al., 2020 |
| CCDC19 | CSF | 3 patients; 3 controls | SEC | Western blot analysis: CD9, CD81 Electron microscopy: CD81, CD9, and NIR | Hayashi et al., 2020 |
| MYL6B | CSF | 3 patients; 3 controls | SEC | Western blot analysis: CD9, CD81 Electron microscopy: CD81, CD9, and NIR | Hayashi et al., 2020 |
| MARCO | CSF | 3 patients; 3 controls | SEC | Western blot analysis: CD9, CD81 Electron microscopy: CD81, CD9, and NIR | Hayashi et al., 2020 |
| FCGBP | CSF | 3 patients; 3 controls | SEC | Western blot analysis: CD9, CD81 Electron microscopy: CD81, CD9, and NIR | Hayashi et al., 2020 |
| FOLR1 | CSF | 3 patients; 3 controls | SEC | Western blot analysis: CD9, CD81 Electron microscopy: CD81, CD9, and NIR | Hayashi et al., 2020 |
| RELN | CSF | 3 patients; 3 controls | SEC | Western blot analysis: CD9, CD81 Electron microscopy: CD81, CD9, and NIR | Hayashi et al., 2020 |
| CFB | CSF | 3 patients; 3 controls | SEC | Western blot analysis: CD9, CD81 Electron microscopy: CD81, CD9, and NIR | Hayashi et al., 2020 |
| CHMP4A | CSF | 3 patients; 3 controls | SEC | Western blot analysis: CD9, CD81 Electron microscopy: CD81, CD9, and NIR | Hayashi et al., 2020 |
| Interleukin-6 | plasma | 40 patients; 39 controls | Immuno-affinity | Western blot: CD63 Transmission electron microscope | Chen Y. et al., 2019 |
| STAU1 | Motor cortex | 10 patients; 5 controls | Sucrose gradient centrifugation | Western blot: flotillin-1, TSG101 and syntenin Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) | Vassileff et al., 2020 |
| DHX30 | Motor cortex | 10 patients; 5 controls | Sucrose gradient centrifugation | Western blot: flotillin-1, TSG101 and syntenin Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) | Vassileff et al., 2020 |
| 189 proteins | ASC cells | NA | PureExo® Exosome isolation kit | Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) Western blot: HSP70, CD9, and CD81 | Bonafede et al., 2019 |