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. 2021 Sep 10;12:678971. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2021.678971

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Copyright © 2021 Mollayeva, Mollayeva, Pacheco and Colantonio.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Logic model of sex and gender effects on outcomes of TBI. The implications are that biological and behavioral vulnerability to injury and gender disparities in norms and role expectations make certain groups of male and female persons be prone to a more favorable or adverse outcome due to their unique interactions between biological, behavioral, sociocultural elements preceding, at the time of, and following the injury. TBI, traumatic brain injury. This figure was modified from a previously published framework (22).