Table 2.

Review findings: differences in outcomes of male and female persons after TBI.

Outcomes	Female patients fare better	Male patients fare better	No difference
Mortality	Berry et al. (84) (GII 43)A, M−S (GII 18) (time to dementia (N = 72, 294) Davis et al. (85) (GII 43) 50–59 years, 70+ yearsA, M−S (GII 18) (time to dementia (N = 13, 437) Selassie et al. (88) (GII 43)°ver 12 years post-injury, ALL (N = 33, 695)	Ottochian et al. (67) (GII43) ≥ 55 yearsA, S (N = 557)Ponsford et al. (29) (GII 24), >60 yearsC, S (N = 36)	Boutin et al. (102) (GII 18)A, M−S (N = 7, 062) Leitgeb et al. (101) (GII 14)A, M−S (N = 439) Davis et al. (85) (GII 43), 15–49 yearsA, M−S (N = 13, 437) Côte et al. (98) (GII 18) (withdrawal of life sustaining therapies)A, S (N = 720) Albrecht et al. (83) (GII 43)A, ALL (N = 1, 320) Fortuna et al. (86) (GII 43)A, ALL (N = 416) Ng et al. (97) (GII 11)C, S (N = 672) Ponsford et al. (29) (GII 24), ≤ 60 yearsC, S (N = 193)
Structure/function abnormality	Clond et al. (75) (GII 43) (SBP changes)A, M−S (N = 3, 025) Arellano-Orden et al. (96) (GII 15) (RBCT response)A, S (N = 88) Wagner et al. (108) (GII 43) (oxidative damage markers)A, S (N = 68)	Wagner et al. (108) (GII 43) (DOPAC)A, S (N = 68)Schönberger et al. (107) (GII 24) (viable volume)C, ALL (N = 98)Wang et al. (59) (GII 36) (abnormal functional connectivity in the brain)A, M (N = 54)Sutton et al. (95) (GII 18) (neck injury comorbidity 5–49 years)A, M (N = 90, 175)	Kisat et al. (56) (GII 43) (+CT scan)A, M (N = 24, 424) Wagner et al. (108) (GII 43) (HVA)A, S (N = 68) Schönberger et al. (72) (GII 24) (lesion volume)C, ALL (N = 98)
Treatment and care	Kisat et al. (56) (GII 43) (neurosurgical intervention)A, M (N = 3, 476)	Brown et al. (103) (GII 18) (discharge destination)A, M−S (N = 3, 480)Boutin et al. (102) (GII 18) (RBCT treatment)A, M−S (N = 1, 991)Mellick et al. (81) (GII 43) (going to rehab, using community services)C, M−S (N = 392)	Boutin et al. (102) (GII 18) (LOS, discharge destination)A, M−S (N = 7, 062) Mellick et al. (81) (GII 43) (LTC)C, M−S (N = 108)
Medical	Lee et al. (53) (GII 37) (stroke)C, M (N = 24, 905) Mollayeva et al. (99) (GII 18) (incident dementia risk)°ver 5 years post-injury, ALL (N = 712, 708)	Pogoda et al. (54) (GII 43) (MSI)NR, M (N = 9, 998)Meares et al. (104) (GII 24) (PCS)A, M (N = 90)Mollayeva et al. (99) (GII 18) (time to dementia)°ver 5 years post-injury, ALL (N = 712, 708)	Rush et al. (72) (GII 43) (craniectomy vs. craniotomy)A, S (N = 302) Tawil et al. (71) (GII 43) (cerebral infarction)A, S (N = 384) Renner et al. (65) (GII 9) (pituitary insufficiency)A, ALL (N = 427) Mollayeva et al. (92) (GII 18) (chronic pain)C, M (N = 94)
Sleep-related			Mollayeva et al. (91) (GII 18) (insomnia)C, M (N = 94) 2) Mollayeva et al. (93) (GII 18) (sleep stage deviations)C, M (N = 39)
Psychiatric disorders		Glenn et al. (76) (GII 43) (all depression)C, ALL (N = 41)	Glenn et al. (76) (GII 43) (moderate/severe depression)C, ALL (N = 41) Harrison et al. (62) (GII 4) (schizophrenia, psychosis)C, S (N = 2, 274)
Disability		Mellick et al. (81) (GII 18) (physical independence)C, ALL (N = 1, 802)	Dahdah et al. (GII 43)A/C, M−S (N = 5, 505) Mollayeva et al. (94) (GII 18)C, M (N = 92)
Work-related	Corrigan et al. (77) (GII43, work hours)C, M−S (N = 1, 257)	Corrigan et al. (77) (GII 43, stopped working)C, M−S (N = 1, 417)	Renner et al. (65) (GII 9) (employment)A, ALL (N = 427) de Koning et al. (60) (GII 3) (RTW)C, M (N = 316) Vikane et al. (61) (GII 6) (RTW)C, M (N = 151) van der Horn et al. (66) (GII 3)C, ALL (N = 242)
Social participation		Gerhart et al. (55) (GII 43) (cognitive independence, mobility, occupation)C, S (N = 1, 802)Mellick et al. (81) (GII 43) (CI)C, ALL (N = 1, 802)	Mollayeva et al. (90) (GII 18) (CI)C, M (N = 94) Gerhart et al. (55) (GII 43) (physical independence, social integration, economic self-sufficiency)C, S (N = 1, 802)
Life satisfaction		Mellick et al. (81) (GII 43) (health perception)C, ALL (N = 1, 802)Takada et al. (105) (GII 21) (physical function)C, ALL (N = 12)	Renner et al. (65) (GII9) (living situation)A, ALL (N = 427) Williamson et al. (82) (GII 43) (LS)C, M−S (N = 3, 157) Saban et al. (89) (GII 43) (LS)C, S (N = 287) Takada et al. (105) (GII 21) (QOL mental and role/social)C, ALL (N = 12)
Cognitive functioning	Tsushima et al. (109) (GII 43), <30 years (two neuropsych measures)C, M (N = nr) Saban et al. (89) (GII 43) (FIM cog)C, S (N = 287) Eramudugolla et al. (86) (GII 24) (verbal ability, 20s cohort)C, ALL (N = 2, 077)	Tsushima et al. (109) (GII 43) ≥ 30 years (two neuropsych measures)C, M (N = nr)Gerhart et al. (55) (GII 43)C, S (N = 1, 802)Myrga et al. (68) (GII 43)C, S (N = 193)Mellick et al. (81) (GII 43)C, ALL (N = 1, 802)	Jung et al. (100) (GII 22) (cog func)A−C, ALL (N = 162) Tsushima et al. (109) (GII 43) (cog func)C, M (N = 102) Eramudugolla et al. (106) (GII 24) (verbal ability, 40s and 60s cohort)C, ALL (N = 4, 256)
Global functional outcome		Dahdah et al. (79) (GII 43) (FIM)A, M−S (N = 5, 505)Ng et al. (97) (GII 11) (GOS, <60 years)C, S (N = nr)Ponsford et al. (29) (GII 24) (GOSE)C, S (N = 229)Kirkness et al. (80) (GII 43) (GOSE, 30+ years) C, ALL (N = 157)	Renner et al. (65) (GII 9) (GOS)A, ALL (N = 427) Dahdah et al. (79) (GII 43) (GOSE)C, M−S (N = 5, 505) Forslund et al. (63) (GII 6) (GOSE)C, M−S (N = 105) Leitgeb et al. (101) (GII 14) (GOS)C, M−S (N = 439) Ng et al. (97) (GII 11) (GOS, 60+ years) C, S (N = nr) Saban et al. (89) (GII 43) (FIM motor)C, S (N = 287) Östberg & Tenuvuo (64) (GII 8) (GOSE)C, ALL (N = 689) Kirkness et al. (80) (GII 43) (GOSE, <30 years) C, ALL (N = nr)

A, acute; ALL, all injury severity; C, chronic; CI, community integration; CT, computed tomography; DOPAC, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid; FIM, functional independence measure; GOSE, Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended; M, mild TBI; MSI, multisensory impairments; M-S, moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury; nr, not reported; LS, life satisfaction; LTC, long-term care; PCS, post-concussion syndrome; S, severe traumatic brain injury; SBP, systolic blood pressure; QOL, quality of life.