Table 4.
Bivariate Analysis Missed of Empathic Opportunity (n = 58).
| Variables | At least one missed empathic opportunity |
||
|---|---|---|---|
| No |
Yes |
||
| (n= 18) | (n = 40) | P value | |
| Age, mean ± SD | 50 ± 14 | 54 ± 17 | .49 |
| Gender, number (%) | 1.0 | ||
| Male | 10 (56) | 21 (53) | |
| Female | 8 (44) | 19 (47) | |
| Race, number (%) | 1.0 | ||
| White | 15 (83) | 33 (83) | |
| Non-white | 3 (17) | 7 (17) | |
| Insurance status, number (%) | .77 | ||
| Public | 6 (33) | 16 (40) | |
| Private | 12 (67) | 24 (60) | |
| Working status, number (%) | .15 | ||
| Working | 14 (78) | 22 (55) | |
| Not working | 4 (22) | 18 (45) | |
| Marital status, number (%) | .40 | ||
| Unmarried | 7 (39) | 21 (52) | |
| Married | 11 (61) | 19 (48) | |
| Diagnosis, number (%) | 1.0 | ||
| Nontraumatic | 12 (67) | 25 (62) | |
| Traumatic | 6 (33) | 15 (38) | |
| Surgeon, number (%) | .067 | ||
| 1 | 12 (67) | 13 (32) | |
| 2 | 4 (22) | 18 (45) | |
| 3 | 2 (11) | 9 (23) | |
| Health literacy, number (%) | .31 | ||
| Limited (NVS score ≤ 3) | 2 (11) | 11 (28) | |
| Adequate (NVS score ≥ 4-6) | 16 (89) | 29 (73) | |
| Number of patient-initiated clues | |||
| All types of clues | 2.2 ± 1.2 | 3.1 ± 1.9 | .074 |
| Emotional type of clues | 1.4 ± 0.78 | 2.2 ± 1.4 | .039 |
| Social type of clues | 0.72 ± 0.83 | 0.88 ± 1.3 | .65 |
| Visit duration (min), M ± SD | 9.8 ± 5.2 | 12 ± 7.4 | .32 |
| PROMIS instruments, M ± SD | |||
| Pain Interference | 56 ± 6.6 | 60 ± 9.8 | .14 |
| Upper Extremity Function | 40 ± 11 | 35 ± 9.5 | .053 |
| Depression | 46 ± 7.1 | 50 ± 9.8 | .23 |
Visits with at least one patient-initiated clue were included. NVS = Newest Vital Sign; PROMIS = Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System-based.