Table 3.
Comparison of HRV parameters among the benign, early-stage, and advanced-stage groups.
| Variables | Benign (N=43) | Early stage (N=50) | Advanced stage (N=40) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean HR (bpm) | 78.9±11.7 | 77.9±10.5 | 83.0±12.2 | 0.099 |
| RR (Hz) | 0.30±0.04 | 0.31±0.05 | 0.31±0.06 | 0.489 |
| SDNN (ms) | 32.7±9.3 | 29.3±11.6 | 23.1±11.6*, † | <0.001 |
| RMSSD (ms) | 19.2 (13.8, 27.4) | 18.6 (12.2, 27.8) | 11.2 (8.0, 18.0)*, † | 0.006 |
| VLF (ms2) | 443 (259, 674) | 410 (177, 604) | 199 (103, 355)*, † | <0.001 |
| LF (ms2) | 155 (102, 297) | 154 (59, 295) | 66 (37, 142)*, † | <0.001 |
| HF (ms2) | 151 (78, 300) | 151 (55, 270) | 60 (23, 136)*, † | 0.005 |
| TP (ms2) | 903 (485, 1,147) | 781 (429, 1,190) | 351 (187, 619)*, † | <0.001 |
| LF n.u. (%) | 52.7±18.6 | 54.4±18.9 | 52.0±18.9 | 0.821 |
| HF n.u. (%) | 47.2±18.5 | 46.4±19.1 | 48.0±18.9 | 0.927 |
| LF/HF | 1.214 (0.682, 2.030) | 1.401 (0.579, 2.213) | 0.952 (0.597, 2.165) | 0.852 |
| SD1 (ms) | 13.6 (9.8, 17.3) | 13.1 (8.7, 19.7) | 8.0 (5.7, 12.8)*, † | 0.007 |
| SD2 (ms) | 43.8±12.7 | 39.6±14.8 | 30.2±13.8*, † | <0.001 |
| SD2/SD1 | 3.444±1.237 | 3.348±1.358 | 3.391±1.220 | 0.937 |
| ApEn | 1.10±0.10 | 1.13±0.10 | 1.15±0.10 | 0.055 |
| SampEn | 1.40±0.27 | 1.47±0.27 | 1.46±0.26 | 0.411 |
| α1 | 1.11±0.26 | 1.07±0.27 | 1.02±0.25 | 0.355 |
| α2 | 1.05±0.19 | 1.07±0.18 | 1.09±0.19 | 0.557 |
| CD | 0.73 (0.39, 1.05) | 0.56 (0.31, 1.69) | 0.20 (0.08, 0.57)*, † | <0.001 |
ApEn, approximate entropy; bpm, beats per minute; CD, correlation dimension; HF, high-frequency power; HR, heart rate; LF, low-frequency power; LF/HF, ratio of low-frequency power to high-frequency power; RMSSD, root mean square of successive interval differences; RR, respiration rate; SampEn, sample entropy; SD, standard deviation; SDNN, standard deviation of all normal-to-normal intervals; TP, total power; and VLF, very low frequency. Values are expressed as mean (SD) with normal distribution or median (Q1, Q3) without normal distribution. Bold values of p indicate statistical significance (value of p<0.05).
p<0.05 advanced-stage group vs. benign group.
p<0.05 advanced-stage group vs. early-stage group.