Table 1.
VPA was involved in cellular activities of glioma through signaling pathways and molecular targets.
| Glioma cell lines | Concentration and Duration (VPA) | Targets | Biological activities | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| U251, SNB19 | 2 mM/48 h | Akt/mTOR signaling | ↓cell viability, ↑apoptosis, ↑autophagy | (13) |
| GBM2, G144 | 2 mM/96 h | Wnt/β-catenin signaling | ↓proliferation, ↓invasion | (16) |
| U87 | 4 mM/72 h | ERK/Akt signaling | ↓cell viability, ↑apoptosis | (17) |
| A172, T98G | A172:0–50 mM/24–48 h T98G:0–100 mM/24–48 h |
MAPK signaling | ↑cytotoxicity, ↓invasion, ↑apoptosis | (18) |
| U87, U251, U343 | 0–5 mM/24–96 h | VEGF | ↓angiogenesis | (19) |
| U87MG, SF295, T98G | 0–10 mM/96 h | ERK signaling | ↓cell viability, ↑cell-cycle arrest, ↑autophagy | (20) |
| C6, U373 | 0–10 mM/24–72 h | H4 | ↓proliferation, ↓migration, ↑cell-cycle arrest | (21) |
| C6 | 0.5 mM/1 or 7 days | MT1 receptor, MeCP2, HDAC1, 2, 3 | \ | (22) |
| A172, U373, U138, U87, SW1783 | 2 mM/96 h | H3 and H4 | ↓proliferation | (23) |
| C6 | 5 mM/24 h or 48 h | MT1 receptor, BDNF, GDNF, HDACs | ↑neuroprotection | (24) |
| C6 | 100 mg/ml/20 h | 5-HT2A receptor signaling | \ | (25) |
| A172, 85HG66 | 0–1 mM | CD56, CD44 | ↓proliferation | (26) |
VPA, valproic acid; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; H3, histone 4; MT1, melatonin 1; MeCP2, methyl CpG binding protein 2; HDAC, histone deacetylase; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; GDNF, glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor.
↓ -Inhibition, ↑ -Promotion.