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. 2021 Sep 10;9:704903. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.704903

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Copyright © 2021 Arjmand, Abedi, Arabi, Alavi-Moghadam, Rezaei-Tavirani, Hadavandkhani, Tayanloo-Beik, Kordi, Roudsari and Larijani.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Myocardial tissue engineering methods in order to prolong the graft activity for tissue engineering in ischemic heart diseases several approaches have been arranged including utilizing hydrogels (using hydrophilic structures synthetic or natural polymers), engineered myocardial tissue [developing three-dimensional (3D) in vitro models to mimic the native heart muscles], cell sheets (using temperature-responsive polymer surfaces that make the release of cell monolayers possible and can be placed for example on the epicardium with or without stitches) and biofabrication (requiring an appropriate cellular scaffold to provide a cellular microenvironment to serve as a structural platform) (Madonna et al., 2019).