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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Econ Ageing. 2021 Jun 2;20:100329. doi: 10.1016/j.jeoa.2021.100329

Appendix Table A1.

Variable Descriptions

A. Financial Behaviors (questions detailed in the 2016 HRS Module)11
Help w/ financial mgmt. (0/1) is a binary variable equal to one if R got help with money management in past year (Item v106=1), 0 else.
Types of Financial Advice
Help w/ invst (0/1) is a binary variable equal to one if R got help with investing stocks, bonds or mutual funds, 0 else.
Help from profl/other non-family advisors (0/1) (v108=4, 5, 6, 7, 8; advisor_help3) =1 if R gets help from professional financial advisors or other nonfamily member; 0 else
Free’ profl help (0/1) (v112=7; free_advice1) = 1 if R gets help for free from professional advisor; 0 else conditional on v108=4, 5, 6 (receiving professional financial advice)
Reasons for Not Seeking Advice
No money help: Overconfidence (0/1) is a binary variable equal to one if R did not receive financial advice because he can do financial management on his own, 0 else.
No money help: Distrust (0/1) is a binary variable equal to one if R did not receive financial advice due to no trust in financial advisors, 0 else.
No money help: DK whom to ask (0/1) is a binary variable equal to one if R did not financial advice because he knows no one to ask, 0 else.
B. Control variables (from HRS Core)
FinLit score: Sum of number of correct answers to four financial literacy questions.
Age: R age in years
Male: binary variable equal to one if R male, 0 else.
White: binary variable equal to one if R white, 0 else.
Hispanic: binary variable equal to one if R Hispanic, 0 else.
Married: binary variable equal to one if R married, 0 else.
Education: number of years of education
Good health: binary variable equal to one R reports health status excellent/good, 0 else.
Non-housing wealth: net value of non-housing financial wealth (stock, saving, CDs, bonds, and other saving less debt) in 2014 $100,000s.
Housing wealth: net value of housing (value of 1ry residence less mortgages and home loans) in 2014 $100,000s.
Live near to children: binary variable equal to one if R said yes to “Do any of your children who do not live with you live within 10 miles of you? (PE012)”
Frequent contact with children: binary variable equal to one if R’s answer to “In the past 12 months, how often have you or your wife/husband/partner or your late husband/wife/partner had contact with children, either in person or by phone, mail, or e-mail. (PE033)” more than median.
Own stock: binary variable equal to one if R said yes to “Aside from anything you have already told me about, do you or your husband/wife/partner have any shares of stock or stock mutual funds? (PQ316)?”
Has DC: binary variable equal to one if R said DC to “Detailed type of pension plan from current job (R13PTYP1-4)
Has DB: binary variable equal to one if R said DB to “Detailed type of pension plan from current job (R13PTYP1-4)”
Covered by fed. Govt HI: binary variable equal to one if R said yes to “Covered by federal government health insurance program (R13HIGOV)”
Covered by priv. HI: binary variable equal to one if R said yes to “Whether employer-provided health plan covers retirees (R13COVRT)”
Covered by ER HI: binary variable equal to one if R said yes to “Covered by other health insurance (R13HIOTHP)”
Has life insurance: binary variable equal to one if R said yes to “Covered by life insurance (R13LIFEIN)”
Has long-term insurance: binary variable equal to one if R said yes to “Covered by long-term care insurance (R13HILTC)”
High complexity: binary variable equal to one if R holds stock/stock mutual fund (PQ316) or bond/bond mutual fund (PQ330).
C. Instrumental variables
Economic class: A binary variable equal to one if R had an economics/finance class in school, 0 else.

Note: R refers to HRS Respondent