Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Sep 24.
Published in final edited form as: Peptides. 2020 Aug 27;133:170389. doi: 10.1016/j.peptides.2020.170389

Figure 2. Graphic illustration of vagus-hindbrain axis and ovarian hormones on sensing gastrointestinal satiety signals.

Figure 2.

Meal-related gastrointestinal signals are paracrinally sensed by vagal afferent neurons (VAN), and the signals are projected secondary neurons located in the hindbrain, NTS and AP. The signals are integrated and conducted to high-order neurons, including PBN or nuclei in the mid-brain region, which regulates feeding behavior. Other than the paracrine pathway, gastrointestinal satiety signals are mediated by hormonal pathway and acting in the central nervous system (CNS). Circulating estradiol that secreted from ovary acting on both VAN and the nuclei located in the CNS modulates the responsiveness to gastrointestinal satiety signals. NTS, nucleus of the solitary tract; AP, area postrema; PBN, parabrachial nuclei.