Table 1.
Description of included studies (study design, infectious disease, health programme or service, jurisdiction and population)
| Description | Total studies: 97 n (%) |
|
| Study design | Cohort | 45 (46) 28 prospective, 17 retrospective |
| Commentary, report, non-systematic literature review, roundtable discussion | 14 (14) | |
| Qualitative (ethnoepidemiological, ethnographic, interviews, participatory research) | 12 (12) | |
| Cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analysis | 7 (7) | |
| Mathematical modelling of disease transmission | 5 (5) | |
| Randomised controlled trial (RCT)/protocol for RCT | 3 (3) | |
| Survey | 3 (3) | |
| Chart review – retrospective | 2 (2) | |
| Mixed methods | 2 (2) | |
| Systematic review | 2 (2) | |
| Case series | 1 (1) | |
| Interventional | 1 (1) | |
| Infections discussed | HIV | 43 (44) |
| HCV | 21 (22) | |
| HIV and HCV | 22 (23) | |
| Combinations of infectious diseases (HIV, HCV, HBV, cellulitis, bloodborne pathogens, STIs) | 9 (9) | |
| Infective endocarditis | 2 (2) | |
| Health programme/service | Services providing testing for and prevention or treatment with antivirals for HIV or HCV (ART/DAA/HAART/PEP/Seek and Treat Initiatives/TasP/POCT/PrEP) | 27 (28) |
| Supervised injection facilities/safe injection facility/safe injection site | 19 (20) | |
| Medication treatment for opioid use disorder (MMT/OST/OAT/HAT/MAT) | 12 (12) | |
| Integrated infectious disease and addiction programmes | 10 (10) | |
| Needle exchange programmes/syringe exchange programmes/kit distribution programmes | 9 (9) | |
| Broad harm reduction strategies | 6 (6) | |
| Mobile care initiatives/telehealth | 5 (5) | |
| Other (motivational interviewing for high-risk IDU behaviours, pharmacies as providers of expanded health services, PWID emergency department use, hospital providing acute care for addiction-related infectious conditions) | 4 (4) | |
| Peer-delivered services | 3 (3) | |
| Infective endocarditis surgical versus medical management | 2 (2) | |
| Jurisdiction | Multicountry | 5 (5) |
| Canada | 5 (5) | |
| British Columbia (BC) | 63 (65) | |
| Ontario (ON) | 11 (11) | |
| Quebec (QC) | 9 (9) | |
| Alberta (AB) | 2 (2) | |
| Saskatchewan (SK) | 2 (2) | |
| Population within PWID | All PWID | 48 (49) |
| Persons with HIV | 18 (19) | |
| Persons with HCV | 6 (6) | |
| Persons in prison | 4 (4) | |
| PWID using specific health services (including NEP, SIF, OAT, pharmacies) | 4 (4) | |
| Not applicable | 3 (3) | |
| HIV and HCV positive | 2 (2) | |
| HIV negative | 2 (2) | |
| Indigenous | 2 (2) | |
| PWID with infective endocarditis | 2 (2) | |
| Hard to reach street youth and adults | 2 (2) | |
| Female sex workers | 2 (2) | |
| PWID leaving hospital due to self-discharge | 1 (1) | |
| Vancouver Area Network of Drug Users volunteers | 1 (1) |
ART, antiretroviral treatment; DAA, direct-acting antivirals; HAART, highly active antiretroviral treatment; HAT, heroin-assisted treatment; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; IDU, injection drug use; MAT, medication-assisted treatment; MMT, methadone maintenance therapy; NEP, needle exchange programme; OAT, opioid agonist therapy; OST, opioid substitution therapy; PEP, postexposure prophylaxis; POCT, point-of-care testing; PrEP, pre-exposure prophylaxis; PWID, people who inject drugs; SIF, supervised injection facility; STI, sexually transmitted infection; TasP, treatment as prevention.