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. 2021 Sep 10;12:730346. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.730346

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Small molecule mast cell activators provide nasal adjuvant activity when co-administered with WNV EDIII. Female BALB/c mice (n = 5 mice per group) were nasally immunized with EDIII alone in saline or PEG400 or combined with MCAs, MPL, or M7. Vaccines were administered on days 0, 7, and 21. Serum collected after two immunizations were measured for EDIII-specific IgG (A), while serum collected after three immunizations was measured for EDIII-specific IgG (B), IgG1 (*), and IgG2a (#) (C). EDIII-induced cytokine responses were measured in splenocytes after immunization [statistical indicators for each cytokine; IL-4 (*), IFN-γ (#), and IL-17 (^)] (D). One-way ANOVA was used to determine if adjuvants statistically increased EDIII-specific antibody responses compared to mice immunized with EDIII in saline. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001. Antibody responses represent the geometric mean titer + geometric SD. Cytokine (pg/ml) responses are presented as mean + SD. The # denotes significant differences in IFN-g responses and ^ denotes significant differences in IL-17 responses. The number of # or ^ denotes the range of the p-value. ##p < 0.01 IFN-g, ###p < 0.001 IFN-g, and ####p < 0.0001 IFN-g. ^^^^p < 0.0001 IL-17.