Table 1.
Demographic and prenatal characteristics of pregnant women in Hue city (n = 150)
| A. Demographic and prenatal characteristics | Total n (%) |
B. Pattern of victimization | N (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mother age (years), mean [SD] | 29.86 (5.01) | Mono victimization | 42 (28) |
| Household wealth score, mean [SD] | 7.28 (1.41) | Lifetime IPV | 24 (16) |
| Occupation | p-IPV victimization | 22 (14.67) | |
| Unemployed | 42 (28.38) | At least one form of CM | 82 (55.03) |
| Blue-collar workers | 46 (31.08) | Childhood emotional abuse (CEA) | 67 (44.67) |
| White-collar workers | 60 (40.54) | Childhood physical abuse (CPA) | 50 (33.33) |
| Highest educational attainment | Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) | 9 (6) | |
| Up to primary school | 28 (18.92) | Childhood neglect | 2 (1.33) |
| Secondary school | 29 (19.59) | Witnessing violence | 110 (73.33) |
| High school | 23 (15.54) | CM and p-IPV | 16 (10.67) |
| Vocational training, university or higher | 68 (45.95) | Combination of two forms | 40 (26.67) |
| Low social status (Yes vs. No) | 19 (12.84) | IPV and witnessing | 19 (12.67) |
| Prior pregnancy risk (Yes vs. No) | 69 (46.6) | CPA and witnessing violence | 46 (30.67) |
| Current pregnancy illness (Yes vs. No) | 27 (18.2) | CSA and witnessing violence | 9 (6) |
| Adequate antenatal service used (Yes vs. No) | 12 (14.67) | CEA and witnessing violence | 61 (40.67) |
| Poor prenatal mental health (Yes vs. No) | 27 (18) | CPA and IPV | 15 (10) |
| Support of spanking attitude (Yes vs. No) | 112 (74.67) | CSA and IPV | 2 (1.33) |
| Delivery mode | CES and IPV | 16 (10.67) | |
| Vaginal | 76 (51.35) | CPA and CSA/neglect | 2 (1.33) |
| Planned caesarean | 41 (27.7) | CPA and CEA | 35 (23.33) |
| Instrumental caesarean | 31 (20.95) | CEA and CSA/neglect | 8 (5.33) |
| Neonatal care admission (Yes vs. No) | 11 (7.43) | Combination of three forms | |
| Adverse birth outcomes (Yes vs. No) | 38 (35.33) | CEA, IPV, and witnessing violence | 31 (20.67) |
| Baby sick (Yes vs. No) | 22 (14.86) | CPA, IPV, and witnessing violence | 13 98.67) |
| Exclusive breastfeeding failure (Yes vs. No) | 59 (39.86) | CSA, IPV, and witnessing violence | 2 (1.33) |
| Postpartum depression (PPD) | CEA, CPA, and witnessing violence | 8 (5.33) | |
| No symptoms | 110 (74.32) | CPA, CPA, and witnessing violence | 34 (22.67) |
| Mild depression | 32 (21.62) | CSA, CPA, and witnessing violence | 5 (3.33) |
| Moderate or severe depression | 6 (4.05) | CPA, CSA, p-IPV, witnessing violence | 1 (0.67) |
Note: CEA Childhood emotional abuse, CSA Childhood sexual abuse, CPA Childhood physical abuse