Table 1.
Three-dimensional visualization and robot-assisted surgery in recent years
| Surgical site | Sample size | Patient type of disease | Imaging systems | Incidence of complications (%) | Summary of technology | Ref. | |
| 3D visualization | Bile duct department | 1 | Extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma combined with paracolic bile duct | Synapse Vincent | 0 | Accuracy and reliability | Miyamoto et al[15], 2014 |
| Hepatic portal | 47 | Type-III cholangiocarcinoma of the porta hepatis | MI-3DVS | Safety, effectiveness, and feasibility | Zeng et al[16], 2016 | ||
| Liver | 120 | Hepatocellular carcinoma, bile duct cancer, liver transplantation | Synapse Vincent | 10.8 | Time savings | Nakayama et al[13], 2017 | |
| Pancreas | 64 | Pancreatic cancer, biliary tract cancer, neuroendocrine tumors, IPMN | Synapse Vincent | 14 | Safety, effectiveness, and feasibility | Miyamoto et al[100], 2018 | |
| Pancreas | 44 | Pancreatic cancer | MVT | Safety, effectiveness, and feasibility | Lin et al[17], 2020 | ||
| Robot-assisted | Major and minor liver resections | 40 | Hemangioma, HCC, hydatid cyst, cholangiocarcinoma | da Vinci Surgical System | 12.5 | Safety and feasibility | Troisi et al[37], 2013 |
| Major liver resection | 25 | Fatty liver, hepatic hemangioma, giant adenoma, HCC, secondary liver carcinoma | da Vinci Surgical System | 9.3 | Safety and feasibility | Spampinato et al[33], 2014 | |
| Wedge resection of the liver | 20 | HCC, secondary liver carcinoma, hepatic hemangioma, liver stones | da Vinci Surgical System | 9.5 | Safety and feasibility | Felli et al[47], 2015 | |
| Cholecystectomy | 38 | Benign biliary disease | da Vinci Surgical System | 0 | Safety and effectiveness | Gustafson et al[51], 2016 | |
| Cholecystectomy | 1833 | Benign gallbladder disease | da Vinci Surgical System, Zeus system, AESPO | 9.3 | No superiority over laparoscopy | Han et al[101], 2018 | |
| Major and minor liver resections | 1312 | Liver tumors | da Vinci Surgical System | 17.8 | No superiority over laparoscopy | Zhang et al[2], 2020 |
MVT: A three-dimensional multi-touch visualization table introduced by Sectra in 2010 at the Radiological Society of North America. IPMN: Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; 3D: Three-dimensional.