Abstract
A 37-year-old male patient was admitted to our hospital with recurrent hemoptysis, 50 mL per day. Thoracic computed tomography showed no pathology responsible for hemoptysis. Bronchoscopy revealed mucosal infiltrations and 2 to 3-mm blotch in the lateral wall of the right lower lobe. After punch biopsy of the suspected area, massive bleeding occurred. Right lower bilobectomy was performed urgently. A bronchovascular fistula was noticed at the specimen. Pathological examination result was compatible with clinically suspected Behçet"s disease. The patient was given high-dose steroid and cyclophosphamide treatment and received azathioprine maintenance treatment for 18 months. He has been symptom-free for three-year follow-up.
Keywords: Behçet
Introduction
Behçet"s disease is a multisystemic inflammatory disease of unknown etiology with a chronic course and unpredictable exacerbations.[1] It was first described by Hulusi Behçet,[2] MD, the Turkish dermatologist, in 1937 with a triple-symptom complex and is mainly characterized by recurrent episodes of mucocutaneous, ocular, joint, vascular, and central nervous system involvement. Recurrent oral and/or genital aphthosis, ocular involvement in terms of uveitis and, retinal vasculitis in combination with variable skin lesions are the cardinal signs of Behçet"s disease.[3] It is episodic and progressive in nature. Kidney and lung presentations are rare.[4,5] Pulmonary presentation draw a great attention in 1960s. Cadman[6] published 12 pulmonary manifestations found in the literature, and one of them was his own case. Currently, there are case reports available with a few number of patients.
In this article, we present a rare case of Behçet's disease presenting with massive hemoptysis related to bronchovascular fistula which was successfully treated with surgery.
Case Report
A 37-year-old male immigrant patient was admitted to our hospital with recurrent hemoptysis about 50 mL per day. His thoracic computed tomography (CT) scan showed lymphadenopathy around right lower lobe bronchus; however, there was no explanation for hemoptysis on CT and conservative treatment was initiated (Figure 1). After few days, he presented again with the same symptoms and his detailed medical history revealed two massive hemoptysis episodes previously in his country. Thoracic CT scan was repeated and the same images were obtained. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy was planned to find the possible pathology. A written informed consent was obtained from the patient.
Figure 1. Thoracic computed tomography prior to bronchoscopy showing a normal bronchovascular structure, except for several lymph nodes around.
Fiberoptic bronchoscopy was performed under local anesthesia. Larynx, trachea, carina, and left bronchial system were all found to be normal. Bronchoscopy showed mucosal infiltrations and a 2 to 3-mm ridge in the lateral wall of the right lower lobe. Also, a clot was observed inside the right lower lobe, suggesting that the reason for hemoptysis was mucosal irregularity. Therefore, punch biopsy was performed. Following punch biopsy, massive bleeding occurred. Early intervention could not control the bleeding, and intubation was performed urgently. After 1,500 mL bleeding and 30-min cardiopulmonary resuscitation, bleeding was taken under control and intubation tube was gently replaced by a double-lumen tube. Meanwhile, CT scans were retrospectively checked and suspected that it was a bronchial system pathology. Thus, the patient was operated. During thoracotomy, the first, right main bronchus was taken under control and later exploration was started. There was no mass around the intermediate lobe and its distal segments. Since the ridge which bled was located at the orifice of right lower lobe, bilobectomy was performed in a usual manner. Specimens were examined for bleeding site, ex vivo. In the mucosal ridge, a 1-mm ostium opening to the lower lobe artery was observed. Using a mosquito clamp, the bronchovascular fistula was detected (Figure 2).
Figure 2. Surgical clamp showing bronchovascular communications at surgical specimen.
In the early postoperative period, the patient reported ocular symptoms, genital ulcerations, and arthralgia within the previous year, suggestive of Behçet"s disease. On postoperative Day 4, high-dose steroid and cyclophosphamide treatment were prescribed to the patient to prevent Behçet's disease exacerbation, in addition to azathioprine maintenance treatment for 18 months. He was uneventfully discharged on postoperative Day 6.
Pathological examination revealed no specific agents with Ehrlich-Ziehl-Neelsen, Gram, and Grocott staining. No lesions were seen, except for a yellow, irregular area of 22x18x5.5 cm in size, 2 cm away from the bronchial surgical margin in the lower lobe of the right lower lobectomy specimen. The intraparenchymal contours were unable to be fully distinguished and a hepatized appearance was visible due to intense bleeding in the middle and lower lobes. Microscopic examination revealed necrotic nodules and vasculitic changes, compatible with clinically suspected Behçet's disease (Figure 3).
Figure 3. (a) Microscopic examination showing a necrotic nodule due to infarction (H-E, x10), (b) dissected vessel aneurysm and vasculitic changes in middle- and small-sized arteries (Elastica-Van Gieson x10), (c) clinical and the pathological findings including foamy macrophages, cholesterol crystals, foreign giant cells, dissected vessel aneurysm, and vasculitic changes (H-E, x20), (d) necrotic nodule compatible with clinically suspected Behçet’s disease (H-E, x40).
Discussion
The first-line treatment of pulmonary aneurysms in Behçet's disease is non-surgical.[7] Surgical treatment is usually implemented to those who have not benefited from embolization or immunosuppression therapy with a high mortality risk.[8] Surgery is indicated for ruptured a neurysms with abundant hemorrhage and enlarged aneurysms, despite immunosuppressive treatment. Despite fragility of vascular tissues in Behçet's disease which brings more surgical risks, lobectomies can be done with favorable outcomes.[9] Due to the fragility of connective tissues, arteries can be tied with tapes and, then, reinforced with transfixion sutures.
In conclusion, as in our case, hemoptysis without an aneurysm related to Behçet's disease may present with normal CT findings. Therefore, clinicians should keep in mind that hemoptysis in Behçet's disease may occur without an aneurysm as evidenced by CT.
The authors declared no conflicts of interest with respect to the authorship and/or publication of this article.
The authors received no financial support for the research and/or authorship of this article.
Footnotes
Conflict of Interest: The authors declared no conflicts of interest with respect to the authorship and/or publication of this article.
Financial Disclosure: The authors received no financial support for the research and/or authorship of this article.
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