Table 3. Prevalence of Elevated and Hypertensive Blood Pressurea by Sociodemographic Characteristics, US Children Aged 8 to 17 Years (N = 36,612,323)b, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011–2018.
| Characteristic | Elevated blood pressure |
Hypertensive blood pressure |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prevalence, % (95% CI) | Crude Prevalence Difference (95% CI) | Prevalence Difference Adjusted for Overweight/Obesity, % (95% CI) | Prevalence, % (95% CI) | Crude Prevalence Difference (95% CI) | Prevalence Difference Adjusted for Overweight/Obesity, % (95% CI) | |
| BMI percentilec | ||||||
| Healthy weight, <85 |
4.9 (4.1 to 5.9) | Reference | NA | 2.2 (1.7 to 2.8) | Reference | NA |
| Overweight, ≥85 to <95 | 9.2 (7.1 to 12.0) | 4.3 (1.8 to 6.8) | 4.1 (2.7 to 6.1) | 1.9 (0.3 to 3.5) | ||
| Obesity, ≥95 | 12.7 (10.7 to 15.1) | 7.8 (5.7 to 9.9) | 8.6 (6.9 to 10.9) | 6.4 (4.3 to 8.6) | ||
| Age, y | ||||||
| 8–9 | 5.9 (4.4 to 8.0) | Reference | Reference | 6.0 (4.6 to 8.0) | Reference | Reference |
| 10–12 | 4.3 (3.2 to 6.0) | −1.6 (−3.6 to 0.5) | −1.7 (−3.6 to 0.3) | 4.0 (3.0 to 5.3) | −2.1 (−4.1 to 0.02) | −1.5 (−3.6 to 0.7) |
| 13–15 | 7.0 (5.6 to 8.8) | 1.1 (−1.2 to 3.4) | 0.7 (−1.5 to 2.8) | 2.0 (1.4 to 2.8) | −4.1 (−5.9 to −2.3) | −3.8 (−5.6 to −2.0) |
| 16–17 | 12.8 (10.4 to 15.8) | 6.9 (3.7 to 10.2) | 6.3 (3.2 to 9.4) | 4.5 (3.2 to 6.3) | −1.6 (−3.9 to 0.8) | −1.4 (−3.6 to 0.7) |
| Sex | ||||||
| Female | 4.9 (3.9 to 6.1) | Reference | Reference | 3.0 (2.2 to 4.1) | Reference | Reference |
| Male | 9.6 (8.1 to 11.2) | 4.6 (2.8 to 6.5) | 4.6 (2.7 to 6.4) | 4.7 (3.7 to 5.9) | 1.7 (0.2 to 3.2) | 1.3 (−0.2 to 2.8) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||
| Non-Latino White | 6.3 (5.1 to 7.9) | Reference | Reference | 3.2 (2.4 to 4.3) | Reference | Reference |
| Non-Latino Black | 10.4 (8.8 to 12.1) | 4.0 (2.1 to 5.9) | 4.0 (2.2 to 5.8) | 4.4 (3.3 to 5.8) | 1.2 (−0.3 to 2.7) | 0.5 (−0.8 to 1.9) |
| Mexican American | 8.4 (6.8 to 10.5) | 2.1 (−0.1 to 4.3) | 1.6 (−0.5 to 3.7) | 5.2 (3.9 to 6.8) | 2.0 (0.1 to 3.9) | 1.3 (−0.4 to 2.9) |
| Other Latinod | 8.0 (6.0 to 10.6) | 1.7 (−0.9 to 4.3) | 1.7 (−0.7 to 4.1) | 3.9 (2.4 to 6.2) | 0.7 (−1.2 to 2.6) | 0.3 (−1.5 to 2.0) |
| Non-Latino Asiand | 4.6 (2.9 to 7.4) | −1.7 (−4.5 to 1.0) | −0.2 (−2.8 to 2.5) | 4.3 (2.8 to 6.4) | 1.1 (−0.7 to 2.9) | 1.5 (−0.2 to 3.1) |
| Otherd , e | 6.7 (4.2 to 10.7) | 0.4 (−2.9 to 3.7) | 0.2 (−2.7 to 3.1) | 5.5 (3.5 to 8.6) | 2.3 (−0.4 to 5.1) | 1.9 (−0.6 to 4.4) |
| Family education | ||||||
| ≥College graduate | 5.4 (4.0 to 7.4) | Reference | Reference | 3.9 (2.7 to 5.5) | Reference | Reference |
| High school diploma/GED/some college | 8.0 (6.8 to 9.4) | 2.5 (0.6 to 4.5) | 1.6 (−0.3 to 3.5) | 3.8 (3.0 to 4.9) | −0.02 (−1.7 to 1.7) | −0.7 (−2.4 to 0.9) |
| <High school diploma | 8.0 (6.5 to 9.9) | 2.6 (0.4 to 4.8) | 2.1 (0.0 to 4.3) | 3.8 (2.8 to 5.2) | −0.06 (−1.8 to 1.7) | −0.5 (−2.3 to 1.3) |
| Family incomef | ||||||
| High | 5.8 (4.2 to 7.9) | Reference | Reference | 3.1 (2.1 to 4.5) | Reference | Reference |
| Medium | 7.8 (6.5 to 9.2) | 2.0 (−0.3 to 4.2) | 1.3 (−1.1 to 3.6) | 4.0 (3.1 to 5.2) | 0.9 (−0.7 to 2.6) | 0.4 (−0.9 to 1.7) |
| Low | 8.4 (7.3 to 9.6) | 2.2 (0.4 to 4.0) | 1.4 (−0.4 to 3.2) | 4.6 (3.6 to 5.8) | 1.4 (−0.2 to 3.0) | 0.6 (−0.8 to 2.1) |
Abbreviation: NA, not applicable.
Hypertensive and elevated blood pressure determined by 2017 American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines. Hypertensive: blood pressure percentile ≥95 or average blood pressure ≥130/80 mm Hg (whichever was lower) for children aged 8–12 years and ≥130/80 mm Hg for children aged ≥ 13 years. Elevated blood pressure: ≥90th percentile to <95th percentile or 120/<80 mm Hg to <95th percentile (whichever is lower) for children aged 8–12 years and 120/<80 to 129/<80 mm Hg for children aged 13 to 17 years.
Unweighted, N = 5,971.
BMI (weight in kg/height in m2) as percentile according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2000 growth charts.
Had fewer than 30 participants; therefore, did not meet NHANES reporting standards in the hypertensive category.
Includes American Indian or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, and mixed race.
Determined by family poverty income ratio; family income divided by Department of Health and Human Services poverty guidelines (specific to family size, year and sate of residence). High PIR = >3.5, medium PIR = ≥1.3 to <3.5, low PIR = <1.3.