. 2021 Sep 24;129(9):096001. doi: 10.1289/EHP8716

Table 1.

Summary of study characteristics for eligible studies on air pollution and late-life cognitive health identified through 31 December 2020.

Study Focus	Citation/cohort	n/Location	Exposures considered								Outcomes considered							New to the review
Study Focus	Citation/cohort	n/Location	${PM}_{10}$	${PM}_{2.5 - 10}$	${PM}_{2.5}$	Traffic-related air pollution^a	Wood-burning PM	${NO}_{2}$ or ${NO}_{x}$	Ozone	API	Cognitive test scores	Prevalent cognitive impairment	Change in cognitive test scores	Dementia (medical records or claims)	Dementia (study assessment)	Other incident cognitive impairment	Neuroimaging	New to the review
Cognitive Level	(Ailshire and Crimmins 2014)/HRS	13,996/USA	—	—	Yes	—	—	—	—	—	Yes	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Cognitive Level	(Ailshire and Clarke 2015)/ACL Survey	780/USA	—	—	Yes	—	—	—	—	—	Yes	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Cognitive Level	(Chen et al. 2020)/TIGER	360/Taipei and Keelung, Taiwan	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	—	Yes	—	—	Yes	Yes	—	—	—	—	—	Yes
Cognitive Level	(Chen and Schwartz 2009)/NHANES III	1,764/USA	Yes	—	—	—	—	—	Yes	—	Yes	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Cognitive Level	(Gatto et al. 2014)/WISH, BVAIT, and ELITE	1,496/Los Angeles Basin, USA	—	—	Yes	—	—	Yes	Yes	—	Yes	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Cognitive Level	(Kim et al. 2019)/Volunteer community-based sample in South Korea	1,484/four regions of South Korea	Yes	Yes	—	—	—	Yes	—	—	Yes	Yes	—	—	—	—	—	Yes
Cognitive Level	(Lo et al. 2019)/TLSA	6,546/Taiwan	Yes	—	—	—	—	—	Yes	—	—	Yes	—	—	—	—	—	Yes
Cognitive Level	(Power et al. 2011)/NAS	680/Greater Boston, USA	—	—	—	Yes	—	—	—	—	Yes	Yes	—	—	—	—	—	—
Cognitive Level	(Ranft et al. 2009)/SALIA	399/Ruhr and adjacent area, Germany	Yes	—	—	Yes	—	—	—	—	Yes	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Cognitive Level	(Rocha et al. 2020)/ELSA-Brasil	3,050/Sao Paolo, Brazil	—	—	—	Yes	—	—	—	—	Yes	—	—	—	—	—	—	Yes
Cognitive Level	(Salinas-Rodríguez et al. 2018)/ENSANUT-2012	7,986/Mexico	—	—	Yes	—	—	—	—	—	Yes	—	—	—	—	—	—	Yes
Cognitive Level	(Schikowski et al. 2015)/SALIA	789/Ruhr and adjacent area, Germany	Yes	—	Yes	Yes	—	Yes	—	—	Yes	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Cognitive Level	(Shin et al. 2019)/KFACS	2,896/South Korea	Yes	—	Yes	—	—	Yes	Yes	—	Yes	Yes	—	—	—	—	—	Yes
Cognitive Level	(Tallon et al. 2017)/NSHAP	3,377/USA	—	—	Yes	—	—	Yes	—	—	Yes	—	—	—	—	—	—	Yes
Cognitive Level	(Tzivian et al. 2016)/Heinz Nixdorf RECALL	4,050/Ruhr area, Germany	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Yes	—	—	Yes	—	—	—	—	—	—	Yes
Cognitive Level	(Wellenius et al. 2012a)/MOBILIZE Boston	765/Boston, USA	—	—	—	Yes	—	—	—	—	Yes	Yes	—	—	—	—	—	—
Cognitive Level	(Wurth et al. 2018)/BPRHS	1497/Boston, USA	—	—	Yes	Yes	—	—	—	—	Yes	—	—	—	—	—	—	Yes
Cognitive Level	(Yao et al. 2021)/CLHLS	11,187/China	—	—	—	Yes	—	—	—	—	Yes	Yes	—	—	—	—	—	Yes
Cognitive Level	(Younan et al. 2020a)/WHIMS-MRI and WHISCA	998/USA	—	—	Yes	—	—	—	—	—	Yes	—	Yes	—	—	—	Yes	Yes
Cognitive Level	(Zeng et al. 2010)/CLHLS	15,973/China	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	Yes	—	Yes	—	—	—	—	—	—
Neuroimaging Level and Cognitive Level	(Crous-Bou et al. 2020)/ALFA	958 (cognitive level); 228 (neuroimaging)/Barcelona, Spain	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Yes	—	—	Yes	—	—	—	—	—	Yes	Yes
Neuroimaging Level and Cognitive Level	(Nußbaum et al. 2020)/1000BRAINS	615/Ruhr area, Germany	Yes	—	Yes	Yes	—	Yes	—	—	Yes	—	—	—	—	—	Yes	Yes
Neuroimaging Level	(Casanova et al. 2016)/WHIMS-MRI	1,365/USA	—	—	Yes	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	Yes	Yes
Neuroimaging Level	(Chen et al. 2015)/WHIMS-MRI	1,403/USA	—	—	Yes	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	Yes	—
Neuroimaging Level	(Erickson et al. 2020)/UK Biobank	18,292/UK	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	—	Yes	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	Yes	Yes
Neuroimaging Level	(Gale et al. 2020)/UK Biobank	18,288/UK	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	—	Yes	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	Yes	Yes
Neuroimaging Level	(Hedges et al. 2019)/UK Biobank	18,278/UK	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	—	Yes	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	Yes	Yes
Neuroimaging Level	(Hedges et al. 2020)/UK Biobank	18,278/UK	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	—	Yes	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	Yes	Yes
Neuroimaging Level	(Iaccarino et al. 2021)/IDEAS	18,178/USA	—	—	Yes	—	—	—	Yes	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	Yes	Yes
Neuroimaging Level	(Kulick et al. 2017)/NOMAS	1,075/New York, USA	—	—	Yes	Yes	—	Yes	Yes	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	Yes	Yes
Neuroimaging Level	(Power et al. 2018a)/ARIC	1,753/4 regions of the USA	Yes	—	Yes	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	Yes	Yes
Neuroimaging Level	(Wilker et al. 2015)/FOS	929^b/New England, USA	—	—	Yes	Yes	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	Yes	—
Neuroimaging Level	(Wilker et al. 2016a)/MADRC	236/New England and New York, USA	—	—	Yes	Yes	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	Yes	Yes
Neuroimaging Level	(Younan et al. 2020b)/WHIMS-MRI	1,365 (cross-sectional); 712 (longitudinal)/USA	—	—	Yes	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	Yes	Yes
Cognitive Level and Cognitive Change	(Cullen et al. 2018)/UK Biobank	86,759 (cross-sectional analysis); 2,913 (follow-up sample)/UK	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	—	Yes	—	—	Yes	—	Yes	—	—	—	—	Yes
Cognitive Level and Cognitive Change	(Kulick et al. 2020)/WHICAP and NOMAS	5,330 (WHICAP); 1,093 (NOMAS)/northern Manhattan, New York, USA	Yes	—	Yes	Yes	—	Yes	—	—	Yes	—	Yes	—	—	—	—	Yes
Cognitive Level and Cognitive Change	(Tonne et al. 2014)/Whitehall II	2,867/Greater London, UK	Yes	—	Yes	Yes	—	—	—	—	Yes	—	Yes	—	—	—	—	—
Cognitive Change	(Cleary et al. 2018)/National AD Centers Database	5,116/USA	—	—	Yes	—	—	—	Yes	—	—	—	Yes	—	—	—	—	Yes
Cognitive Change	(Colicino et al. 2014)/NAS	387/Greater Boston, USA	—	—	—	Yes	—	—	—	—	—	—	Yes	—	—	—	—	Yes
Cognitive Change	(Oudin et al. 2017)/Betula	1,469/Umeå, Sweden	—	—	—	—	—	Yes	—	—	—	—	Yes	—	—	—	—	Yes
Cognitive Change	(Petkus et al. 2020)/WHISCA	2,202/USA	—	—	Yes	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	Yes	—	—	—	—	Yes
Cognitive Change	(Petkus et al. 2021)/WHIMS-ECHO	1,583/USA	—	—	Yes	—	—	Yes	—	—	—	—	Yes	—	—	—	—	Yes
Cognitive Change	(Weuve et al. 2012)/NHS	19,409/USA	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	Yes	—	—	—	—	—
Prevalent Dementia	(Dimakakou et al. 2020)/UK Biobank	502,504/UK	—	—	Yes	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	Yes	—	—	—	Yes
Incident Dementia or Other Incident Cognitive Impairment	(Ailshire and Walsemann 2021)/HRS	9,970 (year 2004); 9,185 (year 2014)/USA	—	—	Yes	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	Yes	—	Yes
Incident Dementia or Other Incident Cognitive Impairment	(Carey et al. 2018)/CPRD	130,978/Greater London, UK	—	—	Yes	Yes	—	Yes	Yes	—	—	—	—	Yes	—	—	—	Yes
Incident Dementia or Other Incident Cognitive Impairment	(Cerza et al. 2019)/ Rome Longitudinal Cohort	350,844/Rome, Italy	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	Yes	Yes	—	—	—	—	Yes	—	—	—	Yes
Incident Dementia or Other Incident Cognitive Impairment	(Chang et al. 2014)/NHIRD Taiwan	29,547/Taiwan	—	—	—	—	—	Yes	—	—	—	—	—	Yes	—	—	—	—
Incident Dementia or Other Incident Cognitive Impairment	(Chen et al. 2017a)/Ontario Population Health and Environment Cohort	2,066,639/Ontario, Canada	—	—	Yes	—	—	Yes	Yes	—	—	—	—	Yes	—	—	—	Yes
Incident Dementia or Other Incident Cognitive Impairment	(Chen et al. 2017b)/Ontario Population Health and Environment Cohort	2,165,268/Ontario, Canada	—	—	—	Yes	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	Yes	—	—	—	Yes
Incident Dementia or Other Incident Cognitive Impairment	(Grande et al. 2020)/SNAC-K	2,927/Kungsholmen district, Stockholm, Sweden	—	—	Yes	—	—	Yes	—	—	—	—	—	Yes	Yes	—	—	Yes
Incident Dementia or Other Incident Cognitive Impairment	(He et al. 2020)/ZJMPHS	7,311/Zhejiang province, China	Yes	—	Yes	—	—	Yes	Yes	Yes	—	—	—	—	—	Yes	—	Yes
Incident Dementia or Other Incident Cognitive Impairment	(Ilango et al. 2020)/NPHS and CCHS participants	34,391/Ontario, Canada	—	—	Yes	—	—	Yes	—	—	—	—	—	Yes	—	—	—	Yes
Incident Dementia or Other Incident Cognitive Impairment	(Jung et al. 2015)/NHIRD Taiwan	95,690/Taiwan	—	—	Yes	—	—	—	Yes	—	—	—	—	Yes	—	—	—	—
Incident Dementia or Other Incident Cognitive Impairment	(Li et al. 2019)/NHIRD Taiwan	4,155/Taiwan	Yes	—	—	—	—	Yes	Yes	—	—	—	—	Yes	—	—	—	Yes
Incident Dementia or Other Incident Cognitive Impairment	(Loop et al. 2013)/REGARDS	20,150/USA	—	—	Yes	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	Yes	—	—
Incident Dementia or Other Incident Cognitive Impairment	(Oudin et al. 2016)/Betula	1,806/Umeå, Sweden	—	—	—	—	—	Yes	—	—	—	—	—	Yes	Yes	—	—	—
Incident Dementia or Other Incident Cognitive Impairment	(Oudin et al. 2018)/Betula	1,806/Umeå, Sweden	—	—	—	Yes	Yes	—	—	—	—	—	—	Yes	Yes	—	—	Yes
Incident Dementia or Other Incident Cognitive Impairment	(Paul et al. 2020)/SALSA	1,564/Sacramento Valley, California, USA	—	—	—	Yes	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	Yes	Yes	—	Yes
Incident Dementia or Other Incident Cognitive Impairment	(Ran et al. 2021)/Chinese EHS	59,349/Hong Kong, China	—	—	Yes	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	Yes	—	—	—	Yes
Incident Dementia or Other Incident Cognitive Impairment	(Shi et al. 2020)/Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries	63,038,019/USA	—	—	Yes	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	Yes	—	—	—	Yes
Incident Dementia or Other Incident Cognitive Impairment	(Smargiassi et al. 2020)/QICDSS	1,807,133 (Québec); 457,768 (Montreal)/Québec/Montreal, Canada	—	—	Yes	Yes	—	Yes	—	—	—	—	—	Yes	—	—	—	Yes
Incident Dementia or Other Incident Cognitive Impairment	(Wang et al. 2020)/CLHLS	13,324/China	—	—	Yes	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	Yes	—	Yes
Incident Dementia or Other Incident Cognitive Impairment	(Wu et al. 2015)/Case-control	871/northern Taiwan	Yes	—	—	—	—	—	Yes	—	—	—	—	—	Yes	—	—	Yes
Incident Dementia or Other Incident Cognitive Impairment	(Yuchi et al. 2020)/MSP registry	633,949 (NAD analysis); 13,498 (AD analysis)/Metro Vancouver, Canada	—	—	Yes	Yes	—	Yes	—	—	—	—	—	Yes	—	—	—	Yes
Incident Dementia or Other Incident Cognitive Impairment and Neuroimaging Level	(Chen et al. 2017c)/WHIMS	1,403 (neuroimaging); 7,447 (incident dementia or cognitive impairment)/USA	—	—	Yes	Yes	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes

Note: ACL, Americans’ Changing Lives; AD, Alzheimer’s disease; ALFA, Alzheimer’s and Family; API, air pollution index; ARIC, Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities; BPRHS, Boston Puerto Rican Health Study; BVAIT, B-Vitamin Atherosclerosis Intervention Trial; CCHS, Canadian Community Health Survey; CLHLS, Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey; CPRD, Clinical Practice Research Datalink; EHS, Elderly Health Service; ELITE, Early Versus Late Intervention Trial; ELSA-Brasil, Brazilian Longitudinal Study on Adult Health; ENSANUT-2012, Spanish acronym for National Survey of Health and Nutrition in Mexico in 2012; FOS, Framingham Offspring Study; Heinz Nixdorf RECALL, Heinz Nixdorf Risk factors, Evaluation of Coronary Calcium and Lifestyle study; HRS, Health and Retirement Study; ICD-9, International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision; ICD-9-CM, International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification; IDEAS, Imaging Dementia – Evidence for Amyloid Scanning; KFACS, Korean Frailty and Aging Cohort Study; MADRC, Massachusetts Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center Longitudinal Cohort; MOBILIZE, Maintenance of Balance, Independent Living, Intellect, and Zest in the Elderly; MSP, Medical Service Plan; NAD, non-Alzheimer’s dementia; NAS, Normative Aging Study; NHANES III, Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; NHIRD, National Health Insurance Research Database; NHS, Nurses’ Health Study;, nitrogen dioxide; ${NO}_{x}$ , nitrogen oxides; NOMAS, Northern Manhattan Study; NPHS, National Population Health Survey; NSHAP, National Social Health and Aging Study; PM, particulate matter; ${PM}_{2.5}$ , particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter $\leq 2.5 μ m$ ; ${PM}_{10}$ , particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter $\leq 10 μ m$ ; ${PM}_{2.5 - 10}$ , particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter between 2.5 and 10 micrometers; QICDSS, Quebec Integrated Chronic Disease Surveillance System; REGARDS, Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke; SALIA, Study on the Influence of Air Pollution on Lung Function, Inflammation, and Aging; SALSA, Sacramento Area Latino Study on Aging; SNAC-K, Swedish National Study of Aging and Care in Kungsholmen; TIGER, Taiwan Institute for Geriatric Epidemiological Research; TLSA, Taiwanese Longitudinal Study on Aging; USA, United States of America; WHICAP, Washington Heights-Inwood Community Aging Project; WHIMS-ECHO, Women’s Health Initiative Memory Study of the Epidemiology of Cognitive Health Outcomes; WHIMS-MRI, Women’s Health Initiative Memory Study Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study; WHISCA, Women’s Health Initiative Study of Cognitive Aging; WISH, Women’s Isoflavone Soy Health; ZJMPHS, Zhejiang Major Public Health Surveillance.

^{^a}

Includes measures of distance to road, traffic intensity, black carbon, traffic-sourced particulate matter, and ${TRAP - NO}_{x}$ . Though ${NO}_{2}$ and are often considered as traffic-related air pollution, we consider them separately.

^{^b}

Sample size varies by analysis. $n = 929$ represents the largest reported sample size for primary analyses.