Fig. 1. Schematic illustrations of electromechanical coupling bio-NGs modulating cell activity inspired by ECM.

(A) The collagen fibers in ECM converting the cell inherent force into bioelectricity, which also constitutes the 3D architecture of ECM. These bioelectric signals are transmitted by signal molecules filled between collagen fibers, thus, to regulate cell activity and realize the functional expression of cells. (B) Schematic diagram of the bioinspired piezoelectric fibers in bio-NGs. The interaction of cells with bio-NGs emulating this bioelectric signal in ECM induces, in response to the inherent forces produced by the cells, a local electric field that stimulates and modulates their cell activity.