Table 3.
Association between alcohol/substance use disorder status in emergency department patients and their visit characteristics (*NHAMCS 2016–2017).
| SUD (AUD or DUD) | AUD only | DUD only | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|
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| Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | |
| Age | ||||||
| 18–25 | Reference [1] | Reference [1] | Reference [1] | Reference [1] | Reference [1] | Reference [1] |
| 26–39 | 1.23(1.09–1.38) | 1.16(1.02–1.31) | 1.50(1.20–1.88) | 1.42(1.12–1.80) | 1.17(1.03–1.33) | 1.10(0.97–1.25) |
| 40–49 | 1.36(1.19–1.55) | 1.28(1.12–1.47) | 2.22(1.76–2.80) | 2.17(1.70–2.78) | 1.20(1.05–1.38) | 1.12(0.96–1.29) |
| 50–59 | 1.53(1.34–1.73) | 1.34(1.16–1.53) | 3.55(2.85–4.42) | 3.22(2.55–4.08) | 1.24(1.08–1.42) | 1.08(0.93–1.25) |
| 60–74 | 0.78(0.68–0.90) | 0.73(0.62–0.85) | 1.79(1.41–2.27) | 1.76(1.35–2.28) | 0.62(0.53–0.73) | 0.59(0.50–0.71) |
| ≥ 75 | 0.19(0.15–0.25) | 0.17(0.13–0.22) | 0.27(0.17–0.43) | 0.24(0.15–0.38) | 0.16(0.12–0.22) | 0.15(0.11–0.21) |
| Male vs female | 2.00(1.86–2.15) | 1.79(1.66–1.94) | 3.00(2.65–3.38) | 2.35(2.06–2.68) | 1.82(1.67–1.97) | 1.65(1.51–1.80) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||
| NH White | Reference [1] | Reference [1] | Reference [1] | Reference [1] | Reference [1] | Reference [1] |
| White | 0.73(0.61–0.88) | 0.64(0.53–0.78) | 0.92(0.70–1.20) | 0.81(0.61–1.08) | 0.66(0.54–0.82) | 0.59(0.48–0.74) |
| NH Black | 0.99(0.89–1.10) | 0.76(0.68–0.85) | 1.14(0.98–1.34) | 1.02(0.86–1.20) | 0.97(0.87–1.09) | 0.72(0.64–0.81) |
| Black | 1.40(0.74–2.68) | 0.98(0.48–1.96) | 1.36(0.49–3.74) | 0.96(0.32–2.89) | 1.39(0.69–2.80) | 0.94(0.44–1.97) |
| Hispanic | 0.83(0.68–1.02) | 0.64(0.52–0.80) | 1.32(1.01–1.73) | 0.96(0.71–1.29) | 0.75(0.59–0.95) | 0.60(0.47–0.77) |
| Asian | 0.48(0.34–0.69) | 0.50(0.34–0.73) | 0.63(0.38–1.06) | 0.52(0.30–0.91) | 0.49(0.33–0.72) | 0.55(0.37–0.82) |
| Other | 1.40(1.03–1.90) | 1.21(0.88–1.68) | 1.47(0.93–2.33) | 1.23(0.74–2.02) | 1.51(1.10–2.08) | 1.35(0.97–1.89) |
| Day of week | ||||||
| Weekdays | Reference [1] | Reference [1] | Reference [1] | Reference [1] | Reference [1] | Reference [1] |
| Weekends | 1.08 (0.99–1.17) | 1.10(1.01–1.20) | 1.15(1.02–1.31) | 1.19(1.04–1.37) | 1.07(0.98–1.17) | 1.10(1.00–1.20) |
| Residence type | ||||||
| Private residence | Reference [1] | Reference [1] | Reference [1] | Reference [1] | Reference [1] | Reference [1] |
| Nursing home | 0.31(0.20–0.50) | 0.32(0.20–0.52) | 0.58(0.33–1.03) | 0.42(0.23–0.77) | 0.20(0.11–0.38) | 0.24(0.13–0.46) |
| Homeless | 9.00(7.50–10.80) | 4.05(3.30–4.96) | 9.50(7.72–11.68) | 2.76(2.17–3.53) | 7.66(6.37–9.22) | 3.78(3.07–4.64) |
| Other | 1.90(1.49–2.43) | 1.16(0.89–1.51) | 2.16(1.53–3.06) | 0.94(0.64–1.37) | 1.82(1.39–2.37) | 1.22(0.92–1.62) |
| Insurance type | ||||||
| Private insurance | Reference [1] | Reference [1] | Reference [1] | Reference [1] | Reference [1] | Reference [1] |
| Medicare | 0.87(0.77–0.99) | 1.40(1.24–1.58) | 1.04(0.86–1.26) | 1.38(1.14–1.66) | 0.79(0.68–0.90) | 1.32(1.16–1.51) |
| Medicaid or CHIP | 2.24(2.02–2.47) | 2.11(1.90–2.35) | 2.24(1.91–2.63) | 1.89(1.59–2.25) | 2.24(2.01–2.50) | 2.11(1.88–2.37) |
| Uninsured | 1.66(1.44–1.91) | 1.48(1.28–1.73) | 1.66(1.32–2.08) | 1.50(1.18–1.92) | 1.70(1.46–1.98) | 1.50(1.28–1.76) |
| Other | 1.42(1.14–1.77) | 1.09(0.87–1.38) | 1.50(1.06–2.11) | 0.95(0.66–1.37) | 1.39(1.09–1.77) | 1.13(0.88–1.45) |
| Temperature | ||||||
| 36°C–38°C | Reference [1] | Reference [1] | Reference [1] | Reference [1] | Reference [1] | Reference [1] |
| ≤ 36°C | 1.37(1.11–1.68) | 1.24(0.99–1.55) | 1.95(1.49–2.56) | 1.67(1.24–2.25) | 1.30(1.04–1.63) | 1.21(0.95–1.54) |
| > 38°C | 0.53(0.35–0.80) | 0.50(0.32–0.77) | 0.48(0.24–0.98) | 0.46(0.22–0.96) | 0.49(0.30–0.79) | 0.48(0.30–0.79) |
| Heart rate | ||||||
| ≤ 90 | Reference [1] | Reference [1] | Reference [1] | Reference [1] | Reference [1] | Reference [1] |
| 90–100 | 1.42(1.29–1.57) | 1.29(1.16–1.43) | 1.53(1.32–1.77) | 1.51(1.28–1.77) | 1.39(1.25–1.55) | 1.23(1.10–1.37) |
| 100–110 | 1.54(1.37–1.74) | 1.39(1.22–1.58) | 1.70(1.42–2.03) | 1.76(1.44–2.14) | 1.47(1.29–1.67) | 1.27(1.11–1.46) |
| 110–120 | 1.76(1.51–2.06) | 1.56(1.32–1.85) | 2.14(1.71–2.68) | 2.19(1.71–2.81) | 1.57(1.32–1.88) | 1.32(1.10–1.60) |
| > 120 | 2.17(1.82–2.58) | 1.94(1.60–2.35) | 2.68(2.10–3.41) | 2.65(2.02–3.48) | 1.88(1.55–2.29) | 1.61(1.30–1.98) |
| DBP | ||||||
| 60–80 | Reference [1] | Reference [1] | Reference [1] | Reference [1] | Reference [1] | Reference [1] |
| < 60 | 1.01(0.88–1.15) | 1.06(0.92–1.23) | 1.06(0.86–1.30) | 1.08(0.86–1.35) | 1.01(0.87–1.17) | 1.08(0.93–1.26) |
| > 80 | 1.25(1.16–1.35) | 1.06(0.97–1.15) | 1.30(1.15–1.46) | 1.04(0.91–1.19) | 1.23(1.13–1.34) | 1.06(0.97–1.16) |
| Pain level | ||||||
| No pain | Reference [1] | Reference [1] | Reference [1] | Reference [1] | Reference [1] | Reference [1] |
| Mild | 0.57(0.47–0.68) | 0.72(0.59–0.87) | 0.43(0.33–0.58) | 0.63(0.47–0.85) | 0.57(0.47–0.70) | 0.71(0.57–0.89) |
| Moderate | 0.66(0.59–0.75) | 0.91(0.82–1.02) | 0.42(0.35–0.50) | 0.73(0.63–0.85) | 0.72(0.63–0.82) | 0.97(0.86–1.09) |
| Severe | 0.80(0.72–0.89) | 0.87(0.77–0.99) | 0.47(0.39–0.56) | 0.61(0.50–0.74) | 0.89(0.79–1.00) | 0.96(0.84–1.10) |
| 72-hour revisit vs not | 0.61(0.51–0.72) | 1.32(1.09–1.61) | 0.51(0.40–0.66) | 1.46(1.10–1.93) | 0.66(0.54–0.80) | 1.21(0.98–1.50) |
| Arrival by ambulance versus not | 2.30(2.12–2.49) | 2.29(2.09–2.52) | 4.41(3.92–4.95) | 3.36(2.95–3.83) | 1.87(1.71–2.05) | 1.90(1.71–2.11) |
| Census Region | ||||||
| Northeast | Reference [1] | Reference [1] | Reference [1] | Reference [1] | Reference [1] | Reference [1] |
| Midwest | 1.27(1.14–1.43) | 1.53(1.35–1.73) | 0.62(0.52–0.74) | 0.76(0.63–0.92) | 1.45(1.28–1.65) | 1.71(1.49–1.96) |
| South | 0.91(0.81–1.02) | 1.07(0.95–1.21) | 0.59(0.50–0.69) | 0.70(0.58–0.84) | 1.00(0.88–1.13) | 1.16(1.02–1.33) |
| West | 1.13(1.00–1.27) | 1.06(0.93–1.21) | 1.04(0.89–1.22) | 1.05(0.88–1.26) | 1.12(0.98–1.27) | 1.01(0.88–1.17) |
| Reason for visit (by symptom module) | ||||||
| General | Reference [1] | Reference [1] | Reference [1] | Reference [1] | Reference [1] | Reference [1] |
| Psychiatric | 4.36(3.77–5.04) | 3.08(2.62–3.62) | 5.45(4.48–6.62) | 3.26(2.62–4.04) | 3.83(3.28–4.47) | 2.73(2.31–3.24) |
| Neurologic | 0.81(0.68–0.96) | 0.79(0.66–0.94) | 0.85(0.65–1.11) | 0.86(0.66–1.14) | 0.80(0.67–0.96) | 0.78(0.65–0.94) |
| Cardiovascular and lymphatic | 0.78(0.59–1.04) | 0.89(0.66–1.21) | 0.83(0.53–1.30) | 0.88(0.55–1.40) | 0.77(0.57–1.06) | 0.93(0.67–1.28) |
| Eyes and/or ears | 0.40(0.27–0.58) | 0.45(0.30–0.66) | 0.15(0.06–0.42) | 0.22(0.08–0.61) | 0.42(0.28–0.63) | 0.44(0.29–0.66) |
| Respiratory | 0.68(0.58–0.80) | 0.73(0.62–0.86) | 0.43(0.32–0.58) | 0.47(0.34–0.64) | 0.72(0.60–0.85) | 0.76(0.64–0.91) |
| Digestive | 0.88(0.78–1.00) | 0.97(0.85–1.11) | 0.67(0.54–0.84) | 0.96(0.76–1.20) | 0.86(0.75–0.99) | 0.89(0.77–1.03) |
| Genitourinary | 0.40(0.32–0.52) | 0.49(0.38–0.63) | 0.23(0.14–0.39) | 0.41(0.25–0.70) | 0.42(0.32–0.54) | 0.46(0.35–0.60) |
| Dermatologic | 0.83(0.65–1.06) | 0.81(0.63–1.04) | 0.41(0.25–0.70) | 0.49(0.29–0.83) | 0.90(0.70–1.17) | 0.84(0.65–1.10) |
| Musculoskeletal | 0.73(0.64–0.84) | 0.71(0.61–0.82) | 0.52(0.41–0.66) | 0.52(0.40–0.68) | 0.75(0.65–0.87) | 0.72(0.62–0.84) |
| Other | 1.34(1.20–1.51) | 1.05(0.91–1.22) | 2.02(1.71–2.39) | 1.32(1.07–1.63) | 1.15(1.02–1.31) | 0.97(0.83–1.13) |
| Visit related to injury versus not | 0.75(0.70–0.81) | 1.19(1.07–1.33) | 0.52(0.46–0.58) | 1.60(1.36–1.89) | 0.84(0.78–0.92) | 1.08(0.96–1.21) |
*
NHAMCS, National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey.
Note: The adjusted odds ratio (OR) was from a logistic regression including all variables in the table.
DUD, drug use disorder; SUD, substance use disorder; AUD, alcohol use disorder; CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio NH, non-Hispanic; H, Hispanic; CHIP, Children’s Health Insurance Program; C, celsius.
Note: The adjusted odds ratio (OR) was from a logistic regression including all variables in the table.
DUD, drug use disorder; SUD, substance use disorder; AUD, alcohol use disorder; CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure.