Table 4.

Representative drug delivery systems targeting cell adhesion molecules for the treatment of IBD.

Cell adhesion molecules	Ligand	Carrier	Loading cargo	Delivery route	Characterization	Experimental model	Principal finding	Ref.
ICAM-1	ICAM-1 Ab	Nanoparticle: polystyrene bead	α-Galactosidase	In vitro	S: 258.5 ± 11.3 Z: −12.9 ± 0.4	TNF-α-activated Caco-2 cell	62.4 ± 6.2-fold higher ICAM-1 Ab coated NPs bound to Caco-2 cell compared to mice IgG coating	126
P-Selectin	Sialyl Lewisx	Nanoparticle: PLGA	Diclofenac sodium salt	In vitro	S: 4,630 Z: ‒	Slides coated with P-selectin	The binding capacity of PLGA microsphere to selectin increased with sLex density	127
ICAM-1VCAM-1E-selectin	ICAM-1VCAM-1E-selectin Ab	Nanoparticle: PLA–PEG	–	In vitro	S: ‒ Z: ‒	TNF-α or IL-1β-treated HUVEC	Ligand conjugation promoted nanoparticle to adhere to inflamed epithelia in a density-dependent manner	128
P-Selectin	P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1	Nanoparticle: PLA–PEG	–	i.v. injection	S: ‒ Z: ‒	Trauma-induced mice endothelium inflammation	PSGL-1 conjugation led to 10-fold higher adhesion to inflamed endothelium	128
E-Selectin	E-Selectin Ab	Nanoparticle: PLA–PEG	–	i.v. injection	S: ‒ Z: ‒	TNF-α-induced mice endothelium inflammation	E-selectin mAb conjugation led to 6-fold more adhesion to inflamed endothelium	128
ICAM-1	ICAM-1 Ab	Nanoparticle: polystyrene bead	–	Oral	S: 269.8 ± 6.3 Z: −7.1 ± 0.2	Normal C57BL/6 mice	ICAM-1 Ab coating significantly prolonged the nanoparticles retention in GIT compared to mice IgG	129
Integrin β7	Integrin β7 Ab	Liposome: PC:DPPE:Chol (3:1:1)	SiCyclin D1	i.v. injection	S: 114 ± 7 Z: +13.5 ± 1.2	DSS-induced C57BL/6 mice colitis	Integrin β7 liposomes specifically and efficiently bound to leukocyte and internalized into cytoplasm immediately	130

‒, not applicable; CAM, cell adhesion molecules; GIT, gastrointestinal tract; ICAM, intercellular adhesion molecule; I.V., intravenous; S, size (nm); VCAM, vascular cell adhesion molecule; Z, zeta potential (mV).