Table 2.
Immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, comorbidities, and concomitant therapies stratified by willingness for COVID-19 vaccination.
| COVID-19 vaccine acceptance group n = 744 | COVID-19 vaccine hesitant group n = 164 | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Immune-mediated inflammatory diseases | |||
| RA | 248 (33.3) | 49 (29.9) | 0.40 |
| SLE | 143 (19.2) | 45 (27.4) | <0.05 |
| AS | 111 (14.9) | 21 (12.8) | 0.54 |
| PsA/Pso | 60 (8.1) | 15 (9.1) | 0.63 |
| SS | 24 (3.2) | 4 (2.4) | 0.80 |
| SSc | 19 (2.5) | 7 (4.3) | 0.29 |
| IBD | 16 (2.1) | 0 | 0.09 |
| PM/DM | 10 (1.3) | 2 (1.2) | >0.99 |
| TAK | 7 (0.9) | 0 | 0.36 |
| Behçet | 7 (0.9) | 1 (0.6) | >0.99 |
| GPA | 5 (0.7) | 1 (0.6) | >0.99 |
| GCA | 2 (0.3) | 2 (1.2) | 0.15 |
| Other/overlap syndromes | 92 (12.4) | 17 (10.4) | 0.59 |
| Non-biologic DMARDs (not mutually exclusive) | |||
| Azathioprine | 91 (12.2) | 26 (15.8) | 0.24 |
| Cyclophosphamide | 6 (0.8) | 1 (0.6) | >0.99 |
| Antimalarial agent | 184 (24.7) | 65 (39.6) | <0.05 |
| Leflunomide | 54 (7.2) | 17 (10.4) | 0.19 |
| Methotrexate | 172 (23.1) | 27 (16.5) | 0.07 |
| Mycophenolate | 35 (4.7) | 11 (6.7) | 0.32 |
| Sulfasalazine | 37 (5.0) | 4 (2.4) | 0.21 |
| Tacrolimus or cyclosporine | 11 (1.5) | 2 (1.2) | >0.99 |
| Tofacitinib, baricitinib or upadacitinib | 32 (4.3) | 3 (1.8) | 0.17 |
| Biologic DMARDs (mutually exclusive) | |||
| Adalimumab | 60 (8.1) | 14 (8.5) | 0.87 |
| Etanercept | 18 (2.4) | 8 (4.9) | 0.11 |
| Golimumab | 28 (3.8) | 5 (3.0) | 0.81 |
| Infliximab | 74 (9.9) | 12 (7.3) | 0.37 |
| Certolizumab | 18 (2.4) | 3 (1.8) | >0.99 |
| Secukinumab | 17 (2.3) | 6 (3.6) | 0.28 |
| Ixekizumab | 4 (0.5) | 0 | >0.99 |
| Abatacept | 20 (2.7) | 5 (3.0) | 0.79 |
| Belimumab | 7 (0.9) | 5 (3.0) | <0.05 |
| Rituximab | 36 (4.8) | 11 (6.7) | 0.33 |
| Tocilizumab | 35 (4.7) | 7 (4.3) | >0.99 |
| Ustekinumab | 9 (1.2) | 1 (0.6) | >0.99 |
| Vedolizumab | 1 (0.1) | 0 | >0.99 |
| Comorbidities (not mutually exclusive) | |||
| Cardiovascular disease* | 196 (26.3) | 35 (21.3) | 0.19 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 66 (8.9) | 14 (8.5) | >0.99 |
| Chronic lung disease § | 69 (9.3) | 17 (10.4) | 0.65 |
| Chronic liver disease † | 21 (2.8) | 8 (4.9) | 0.21 |
| Chronic kidney disease ‡ | 12 (1.6) | 9 (5.5) | <0.05 |
| HIV infection | 4 (0.5) | 1 (0.6) | >0.99 |
| Obesity | 39 (5.2) | 12 (7.3) | 0.34 |
| Cancer ¶ | 7 (0.9) | 5 (3) | <0.05 |
| Depressive/anxiety disorder | 171 (23) | 34 (20.7) | 0.60 |
| Fibromyalgia | 88 (11.8) | 33 (20.1) | <0.05 |
Abbreviations: AS, ankylosing spondylitis; DMARD, disease-modifying antirheumatic drug; PM/DM, polymyositis or dermatomyositis; GCA, giant cell arteritis; GPA, granulomatosis with polyangiitis; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; IL-17, interleukin-17; PsA/Pso, psoriatic arthritis or psoriasis; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus; SS, Sjogren syndrome; SSc, systemic sclerosis; TAK, Takayasu’s arteritis; TNF, tumour necrosis factor.
Proportions were compared with chi-square or Fisher’s exact test.
* Includes systemic arterial hypertension, coronary artery disease, cardiopathy, heart failure, stroke, and arrhythmia.
§ Includes asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and fibrosis.
† Includes hepatitis B, hepatitis C, cirrhosis, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
‡ Includes haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.
¶ Includes haematopoietic malignancies.