Table 1.
Characteristics of study patients at baseline (N=535).
| Baseline characteristics | ||
|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | Mean (SD) | 58.0 (13.2) |
| Min, Max | 18, 87 | |
| Sex | Female (%) | 434 (81.1) |
| Race | White (%) | 398 (74.4) |
| Black (%) | 64 (12.0) | |
| Asian (%) | 19 (3.6) | |
| Other (%) | 54 (10.1) | |
| Baseline dry eye signs and symptoms | ||
| Tear Break-up time (seconds) | Mean (SD) | 3.1 (1.8) |
| Schirmer’s test (mm/5min) | Mean (SD) | 9.6 (7.0) |
| Fluorescein staining of cornea | Mean (SD) | 3.8 (3.0) |
| Lissamine green staining of conjunctiva | Mean (SD) | 2.9 (1.5) |
| Tear osmolarity (mOsm/L) | Mean (SD) | 302.7 (16.2) |
| Meibomian gland dysfunction: plugging and lid secretion | Mean (SD) | 1.54 (0.92) |
| Composite dry eye severity score based on signs | Mean (SD) | 0.46 (0.12) |
| Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) score | Mean (SD) | 42.1 (15.5) |
| Baseline systemic conditions | N (%) | |
| Rosacea (facial) | No | 426 (79.6) |
| Yes | 109 (20.4) | |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | Never | 486 (90.8) |
| Past history | 2 (0.4) | |
| Ongoing | 47 (8.8) | |
| Sjögren’s syndrome* | No | 456 (85.2) |
| Yes | 52 (9.7) | |
| Indeterminate | 27 (5.0) | |
| Daily cigarette smoking history | Never | 367 (68.6) |
| Former | 142 (26.5) | |
| Current | 26 (4.9) | |
| Peripheral artery disease | Never | 484 (90.5) |
| Past history | 4 (0.7) | |
| Ongoing | 47 (8.8) | |
| Thyroid dysfunction | Never | 427 (79.8) |
| Past history | 14 (2.6) | |
| Ongoing | 94 (17.6) | |
| Osteoarthritis | Never | 394 (73.6) |
| Past history | 7 (1.3) | |
| Ongoing | 134 (25.0) | |
| Diabetes | Never | 473 (88.4) |
| Past history | 5 (0.9) | |
| Ongoing | 57 (10.7) | |
| Irritable bowel syndrome | Never | 476 (89.0) |
| Past history | 15 (2.8) | |
| Ongoing | 44 (8.2) | |
| Hypercholesterolemia | Never | 344 (64.3) |
| Past history | 20 (3.7) | |
| Ongoing | 171 (32.0) | |
| Hypertension | Never | 380 (71.0) |
| Past history | 6 (1.1) | |
| Ongoing | 149 (27.9) | |
| Hypertriglyceridemia | Never | 503 (94.0) |
| Past history | 7 (1.3) | |
| Ongoing | 25 (4.7) |
*
Meeting 2012 ACR criteria for Sjögren’s syndrome.