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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Ophthalmology. 2021 Mar 27;128(10):1384–1392. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2021.03.030

Table 2.

Associations of systemic conditions with severity of dry eye signs from analysis with baseline, 6 months, and 12 months combined.

Tear break-up time (seconds) Schirmer’s test (mm/5min) Fluorescein staining of cornea Lissamine green staining of conjunctiva Tear osmolarity (mOsm/L) Meibomian gland dysfunction Composite dry eye severity score based on Signs
Sjögren’s syndrome No (n=456) Mean (SD) 3.6 (2.5) 10.1 (6.9) 3.2 (2.7) 2.6 (1.5) 302.5 (16.5) 1.45 (0.96) 0.43 (0.13)
Yes (n=52) Mean (SD) 3.2 (2.3) 7.5 (6.7) 5.0 (3.9) 3.6 (1.9) 310.6 (20.8) 1.61 (0.93) 0.52 (0.17)
p* 0.19 0.01 <.001 <.001 <.001 0.16 <.001
Rosacea No (n=426) Mean (SD) 3.6 (2.5) 10.2 (7.2) 3.3 (2.9) 2.6 (1.6) 303.3 (17.0) 1.39 (0.93) 0.43 (0.13)
Yes (n=109) Mean (SD) 3.2 (1.9) 8.2 (5.6) 3.7 (2.9) 2.8 (1.6) 302.4 (16.6) 1.77 (0.96) 0.47 (0.13)
p* 0.06 0.002 0.72 0.28 0.35 <.001 0.002
Rheumatoid arthritis No (n=417) Mean (SD) 3.6 (2.5) 10.1 (6.9) 3.2 (2.7) 2.6 (1.5) 302.5 (16.5) 1.44 (0.95) 0.42 (0.12)
Yes (n=38) Mean (SD) 3.4 (2.0) 9.7 (7.3) 4.2 (3.4) 3.0 (1.8) 302.7 (17.1) 1.64 (1.03) 0.47 (0.14)
p* 0.26 0.32 0.02 0.06 0.92 0.18 0.002
Daily smoking history No (n=367) Mean (SD) 3.6 (2.5) 10.0 (7.0) 3.3 (2.9) 2.7 (1.6) 303.3 (16.4) 1.40 (0.93) 0.43 (0.13)
Yes (n=168) Mean (SD) 3.3 (2.2) 9.3 (6.8) 3.6 (3.0) 2.7 (1.6) 302.6 (17.9) 1.62 (0.98) 0.45 (0.13)
p* 0.15 0.29 0.63 0.53 0.28 0.003 0.047
Peripheral artery disease No (n=484) Mean (SD) 3.6 (2.5) 10.0 (7.0) 3.3 (2.8) 2.7 (1.6) 303.0 (16.8) 1.45 (0.95) 0.43 (0.13)
Yes (n=47) Mean (SD) 2.8 (1.6) 7.8 (6.2) 4.9 (3.3) 2.9 (1.7) 304.2 (17.9) 1.73 (0.96) 0.50 (0.14)
p* <.001 0.005 <.001 0.22 0.70 0.02 <.001
Thyroid dysfunction No (n=427) Mean (SD) 3.6 (2.5) 10.1 (7.1) 3.3 (2.8) 2.6 (1.6) 303.1 (17.1) 1.44 (0.95) 0.43 (0.13)
Yes (n=94) Mean (SD) 3.3 (2.3) 8.8 (6.3) 4.1 (3.2) 2.8 (1.7) 303.0 (16.2) 1.61 (0.95) 0.47 (0.15)
p* 0.48 0.37 0.14 0.26 0.54 0.09 0.09
Osteoarthritis No (n=394) Mean (SD) 3.7 (2.6) 10.2 (7.2) 3.2 (2.8) 2.6 (1.6) 302.5 (16.5) 1.45 (0.95) 0.43 (0.13)
Yes (n=134) Mean (SD) 3.2 (1.8) 8.5 (5.7) 4.1 (3.2) 2.8 (1.6) 304.8 (18.1) 1.51 (0.98) 0.46 (0.13)
p* 0.09 0.054 0.10 0.66 0.47 0.75 0.15
Diabetes No (n=473) Mean (SD) 3.5 (2.4) 9.7 (6.9) 3.4 (2.9) 2.7 (1.6) 303.0 (16.9) 1.47 (0.95) 0.44 (0.13)
Yes (n=57) Mean (SD) 3.6 (2.2) 10.4 (6.8) 3.7 (3.1) 2.5 (1.5) 304.2 (17.5) 1.47 (0.99) 0.43 (0.13)
p* 0.97 0.92 0.33 0.42 0.83 0.94 0.88
Irritable bowel syndrome No (n=476) Mean (SD) 3.6 (2.4) 9.9 (7.0) 3.4 (3.0) 2.7 (1.6) 303.2 (16.9) 1.48 (0.95) 0.44 (0.14)
Yes (n=44) Mean (SD) 3.2 (2.2) 9.6 (6.9) 3.5 (2.4) 2.4 (1.5) 302.2 (16.2) 1.48 (1.01) 0.44 (0.11)
p* 0.21 0.94 0.97 0.19 0.67 0.86 0.89
Hypercholesterolemia No (n=344) Mean (SD) 3.5 (2.6) 9.8 (7.1) 3.4(3.0) 2.7 (1.6) 303.0 (17.3) 1.50 (0.95) 0.44 (0.14)
Yes (n=171) Mean (SD) 3.5 (2.0) 9.5 (6.4) 3.5 (2.8) 2.6 (1.6) 303.5 (16.4) 1.43 (0.94) 0.43 (0.13)
p* 0.60 0.93 0.41 0.053 0.68 0.06 0.07
Hypertension No (n=380) Mean (SD) 3.5 (2.5) 9.8 (6.9) 3.3 (2.8) 2.7 (1.6) 303.0 (16.7) 1.47 (0.94) 0.44 (0.13)
Yes (n=149) Mean (SD) 3.5 (2.2) 9.8 (6.9) 3.6 (3.1) 2.6 (1.6) 303.3 (17.5) 1.42 (0.97) 0.43 (0.14)
p* 0.89 0.44 0.47 0.72 0.46 0.23 0.76
Hypertriglyceridemia No (n=503) Mean (SD) 3.5 (2.4) 9.9 (7.0) 3.4 (2.9) 2.7 (1.6) 302.9 (17.0) 1.48 (0.95) 0.43 (0.13)
Yes (n=25) Mean (SD) 3.4 (1.9) 8.7 (6.0) 4.1 (3.1) 2.9 (1.6) 303.4 (13.4) 1.29 (0.93) 0.45 (0.12)
p* 0.81 0.34 0.40 0.56 0.95 0.18 0.80
*

P-values for the statistical significance of association between a systemic condition and the outcome measure of interest were calculated from generalized linear regression models adjusted by age, sex, race, and visit. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) were used to account for inter-visit and inter-eye correlations within the same subject.

Excluding patients meeting 2012 ACR criteria for Sjögren’s syndrome.