Table 2.
Tear break-up time (seconds) | Schirmer’s test (mm/5min) | Fluorescein staining of cornea | Lissamine green staining of conjunctiva | Tear osmolarity (mOsm/L) | Meibomian gland dysfunction | Composite dry eye severity score based on Signs | |||
Sjögren’s syndrome | No (n=456) | Mean (SD) | 3.6 (2.5) | 10.1 (6.9) | 3.2 (2.7) | 2.6 (1.5) | 302.5 (16.5) | 1.45 (0.96) | 0.43 (0.13) |
Yes (n=52) | Mean (SD) | 3.2 (2.3) | 7.5 (6.7) | 5.0 (3.9) | 3.6 (1.9) | 310.6 (20.8) | 1.61 (0.93) | 0.52 (0.17) | |
p* | 0.19 | 0.01 | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | 0.16 | <.001 | ||
Rosacea | No (n=426) | Mean (SD) | 3.6 (2.5) | 10.2 (7.2) | 3.3 (2.9) | 2.6 (1.6) | 303.3 (17.0) | 1.39 (0.93) | 0.43 (0.13) |
Yes (n=109) | Mean (SD) | 3.2 (1.9) | 8.2 (5.6) | 3.7 (2.9) | 2.8 (1.6) | 302.4 (16.6) | 1.77 (0.96) | 0.47 (0.13) | |
p* | 0.06 | 0.002 | 0.72 | 0.28 | 0.35 | <.001 | 0.002 | ||
Rheumatoid arthritis † | No (n=417) | Mean (SD) | 3.6 (2.5) | 10.1 (6.9) | 3.2 (2.7) | 2.6 (1.5) | 302.5 (16.5) | 1.44 (0.95) | 0.42 (0.12) |
Yes (n=38) | Mean (SD) | 3.4 (2.0) | 9.7 (7.3) | 4.2 (3.4) | 3.0 (1.8) | 302.7 (17.1) | 1.64 (1.03) | 0.47 (0.14) | |
p* | 0.26 | 0.32 | 0.02 | 0.06 | 0.92 | 0.18 | 0.002 | ||
Daily smoking history | No (n=367) | Mean (SD) | 3.6 (2.5) | 10.0 (7.0) | 3.3 (2.9) | 2.7 (1.6) | 303.3 (16.4) | 1.40 (0.93) | 0.43 (0.13) |
Yes (n=168) | Mean (SD) | 3.3 (2.2) | 9.3 (6.8) | 3.6 (3.0) | 2.7 (1.6) | 302.6 (17.9) | 1.62 (0.98) | 0.45 (0.13) | |
p* | 0.15 | 0.29 | 0.63 | 0.53 | 0.28 | 0.003 | 0.047 | ||
Peripheral artery disease | No (n=484) | Mean (SD) | 3.6 (2.5) | 10.0 (7.0) | 3.3 (2.8) | 2.7 (1.6) | 303.0 (16.8) | 1.45 (0.95) | 0.43 (0.13) |
Yes (n=47) | Mean (SD) | 2.8 (1.6) | 7.8 (6.2) | 4.9 (3.3) | 2.9 (1.7) | 304.2 (17.9) | 1.73 (0.96) | 0.50 (0.14) | |
p* | <.001 | 0.005 | <.001 | 0.22 | 0.70 | 0.02 | <.001 | ||
Thyroid dysfunction | No (n=427) | Mean (SD) | 3.6 (2.5) | 10.1 (7.1) | 3.3 (2.8) | 2.6 (1.6) | 303.1 (17.1) | 1.44 (0.95) | 0.43 (0.13) |
Yes (n=94) | Mean (SD) | 3.3 (2.3) | 8.8 (6.3) | 4.1 (3.2) | 2.8 (1.7) | 303.0 (16.2) | 1.61 (0.95) | 0.47 (0.15) | |
p* | 0.48 | 0.37 | 0.14 | 0.26 | 0.54 | 0.09 | 0.09 | ||
Osteoarthritis | No (n=394) | Mean (SD) | 3.7 (2.6) | 10.2 (7.2) | 3.2 (2.8) | 2.6 (1.6) | 302.5 (16.5) | 1.45 (0.95) | 0.43 (0.13) |
Yes (n=134) | Mean (SD) | 3.2 (1.8) | 8.5 (5.7) | 4.1 (3.2) | 2.8 (1.6) | 304.8 (18.1) | 1.51 (0.98) | 0.46 (0.13) | |
p* | 0.09 | 0.054 | 0.10 | 0.66 | 0.47 | 0.75 | 0.15 | ||
Diabetes | No (n=473) | Mean (SD) | 3.5 (2.4) | 9.7 (6.9) | 3.4 (2.9) | 2.7 (1.6) | 303.0 (16.9) | 1.47 (0.95) | 0.44 (0.13) |
Yes (n=57) | Mean (SD) | 3.6 (2.2) | 10.4 (6.8) | 3.7 (3.1) | 2.5 (1.5) | 304.2 (17.5) | 1.47 (0.99) | 0.43 (0.13) | |
p* | 0.97 | 0.92 | 0.33 | 0.42 | 0.83 | 0.94 | 0.88 | ||
Irritable bowel syndrome | No (n=476) | Mean (SD) | 3.6 (2.4) | 9.9 (7.0) | 3.4 (3.0) | 2.7 (1.6) | 303.2 (16.9) | 1.48 (0.95) | 0.44 (0.14) |
Yes (n=44) | Mean (SD) | 3.2 (2.2) | 9.6 (6.9) | 3.5 (2.4) | 2.4 (1.5) | 302.2 (16.2) | 1.48 (1.01) | 0.44 (0.11) | |
p* | 0.21 | 0.94 | 0.97 | 0.19 | 0.67 | 0.86 | 0.89 | ||
Hypercholesterolemia | No (n=344) | Mean (SD) | 3.5 (2.6) | 9.8 (7.1) | 3.4(3.0) | 2.7 (1.6) | 303.0 (17.3) | 1.50 (0.95) | 0.44 (0.14) |
Yes (n=171) | Mean (SD) | 3.5 (2.0) | 9.5 (6.4) | 3.5 (2.8) | 2.6 (1.6) | 303.5 (16.4) | 1.43 (0.94) | 0.43 (0.13) | |
p* | 0.60 | 0.93 | 0.41 | 0.053 | 0.68 | 0.06 | 0.07 | ||
Hypertension | No (n=380) | Mean (SD) | 3.5 (2.5) | 9.8 (6.9) | 3.3 (2.8) | 2.7 (1.6) | 303.0 (16.7) | 1.47 (0.94) | 0.44 (0.13) |
Yes (n=149) | Mean (SD) | 3.5 (2.2) | 9.8 (6.9) | 3.6 (3.1) | 2.6 (1.6) | 303.3 (17.5) | 1.42 (0.97) | 0.43 (0.14) | |
p* | 0.89 | 0.44 | 0.47 | 0.72 | 0.46 | 0.23 | 0.76 | ||
Hypertriglyceridemia | No (n=503) | Mean (SD) | 3.5 (2.4) | 9.9 (7.0) | 3.4 (2.9) | 2.7 (1.6) | 302.9 (17.0) | 1.48 (0.95) | 0.43 (0.13) |
Yes (n=25) | Mean (SD) | 3.4 (1.9) | 8.7 (6.0) | 4.1 (3.1) | 2.9 (1.6) | 303.4 (13.4) | 1.29 (0.93) | 0.45 (0.12) | |
p* | 0.81 | 0.34 | 0.40 | 0.56 | 0.95 | 0.18 | 0.80 |
P-values for the statistical significance of association between a systemic condition and the outcome measure of interest were calculated from generalized linear regression models adjusted by age, sex, race, and visit. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) were used to account for inter-visit and inter-eye correlations within the same subject.
Excluding patients meeting 2012 ACR criteria for Sjögren’s syndrome.