. 2021 Jul 14;3(3):100141. doi: 10.1016/j.arrct.2021.100141

Table 2.

Summary of GRADE results

			Direction of Association			GRADE Factors
Outcome Domain	Number of Participants	Number of Studies	Diabetes Group Generally Had Better Outcomes	Tie in Direction of Association	Diabetes Group Generally Had Worse Outcomes	Phase of Investigation	Study Limitations	Inconsistency	Indirectness	Imprecision	Publication Bias	Effect Size	Exposure-Response Gradient	Overall Certainty in Evidence
ROM	2107	13	3	0	10	Phase 2	✕	✕	✓	✕	✕	✕	✕	Very low
Pain	920	10	0	0	10	Phase 2	✕	✓	✓	✕	✕	✕	✕	Low
Multidimensional scores	1785	18	2	1	15	Phase 2	✕	✓	✓	✕	✕	✓	✕	Moderate

NOTE. GRADE factor scoring: ✓ = no serious limitations (or present for moderate/large association size, exposure-response gradient); ✕ = serious limitations (or absent for moderate/large effect size, exposure-response gradient). Within the GRADE framework, a study is classed as phase 2 if it is “a cohort study that seeks to confirm independent associations between the prognostic factor and the outcome.”²⁰^(p71)