Table 1.

Commonly used liquid lipids and solid lipids for preparation of NLCs.

Component	Name	Purpose and reference(s)
Liquid lipids	Oleic acid	•Enhancement of oral bioavailability of simvastatin (Tiwari and Pathak, 2011) and carbamazepine (Elmowafy et al., 2018b). •Topical delivery of spironolactone for treatment of acne vulgaris (Kelidari et al., 2016).
	Caprylic/Capric triglycerides (Miglyol 812)®	•Enhancement of oral bioavailability of thymoquinone (Elmowafy et al., 2016) and vinpocetine (Zhai and Zhai, 2014).
	α-tocopherol/ Vitamin E	•Improvement of Quercetin anti-breast cancer activities in vitro (Sun et al., 2014).
	Soy bean oil	•Pulmonary delivery of itraconazole (Pardeike et al. 2011).
	Black cumin oil	•Produces synergistic effect with marigold/carrot extract in inhibition of reactive free radicals (Lacatusu et al. 2020).
	Caraway essential oil	•Accelerates wound healing of the infected excision wounds (Tazehjani et al., 2021).
	Olive oil	•Produces oleuropein loaded NLCs with suitable physico-chemical stability and reduces the possible cytotoxicity effect of residual surfactants (Huguet-Casquero et al. 2020).
	Sweet almond oil	•Improves the protection and stability of Cinnamon essential oil loaded NLCs (Bashiri et al. 2020).
	Squalene	•Topical delivery of calcipotriol and Methotrexate combination (Lin et al. 2010) and psoralen (Fang et al. 2008). •Enhancement of oral bioavailability of Lovastatin (Chen et al. 2010).
	Capmul MCM C8	•Improvement of Tacrolimus bioavailability and lymphatic distribution (Khan et al. 2016). •Sustained release of Raloxifene hydrochloride with improvement in bioavailability (Shah et al. 2016).
Solid lipids	Compritol 888 ATO	•Skin permeating of fluocinolone acetonide for treatment of psoriasis (Pradhan et al. 2015) and clobetasol propionate in topical gel (Nagaich and Gulati 2016). •Enhancement of oral bioavailability of fenofibrate (Tran et al. 2014).
	Precirol ATO 5	•Sin delivery of dapsone (Mohammed Elmowafy et al. 2019). •Improvement of wound healing efficacy of rhEGF in a porcine full-thickness excisional wound model (Gainza et al. 2015).
	Stearic acid	•Topical delivery of tretenoin (Ghate et al. 2016). •Controlled release and acid protection of progesterone (Elmowafy et al., 2018a).
	Glyceryl monostearate	•Enhancement of oral bioavailability Omega-3 fatty acids (Muchow et al. 2009) and raloxifene (Shah et al. 2016).
	Cetyl palmitate	•Topical delivery of coenzyme Q10 (Teeranachaideekul et al., 2007a, Teeranachaideekul et al., 2007b).
	Gelucire®	•Improving miconazole local delivery to the oral mucosa and antifungal activity (Mendes et al. 2013). •Improving in vivo ocular bioavailability of mangiferin (Liu et al. 2012).