Fig. 1. Vagotomy reduces IL-4 production in influenza-infected lung and spleen, blood Ly6C^hiCD206⁺ monocytes, and lung ARG1 expression.

Saline-treated sham and vagotomized (VX), PR8-challenged sham and VX mice (i.n. 1.4 × 10⁴ FFU/mouse) were sacrificed 6 dpi. Lung and spleen cells were collected for flow cytometry analysis of IL-4 expressing cells. a, b Analysis of lung IL-4⁺ cells by flow cytometry. c, d Analysis of spleen IL-4⁺ cells by flow cytometry. Data were pooled from two independent experiments. n = 6–11 in each group, *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001, between the indicated groups, one-way ANOVA. e, f Flow cytometry analysis of blood Ly6C^hiCD206⁺ monocytes 6 dpi. Blood cells were isolated from saline-treated sham and VX, PR8-challenged sham and VX mice (i.n. 1.4 × 10⁴ FFU/mouse) sacrificed 6 dpi. *P < 0.05, between the indicated groups, one-way ANOVA. g, h Western blot analysis of ARG1 in lung cell lysates in saline-treated sham, PR8-challenged sham, and PR8-infected VX mice (i.n. 1.4 ×10⁴ FFU/mouse) were sacrificed 6 dpi. Each lane represents one individual mouse. n = 3–4 in each group. *P < 0.05.