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. 2021 Sep 24;7:86. doi: 10.1038/s41531-021-00222-6

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — A Physical functionality. Arcolin et al. (2016)⁴⁸ and Ridgel et al. (2011a)⁵³ were removed based on the influence analysis. B Gait – 6-MWT. Tollár et al. (2019)³⁵ was removed based on the influence analysis. C Gait – Speed. Tollár et al. (2019)³⁵ and Nadeau et al. (2017)³³ were removed based on the influence analysis. D Balance. Nadeau et al. (2017)³³ was removed based on the CI-based outlier detection. E PDQ-39. Demonceau et al. (2017)⁴⁹ and Tollár et al. (2019)³⁵ were removed based on the influence analysis. Panels A–E enlist the forest plots of the secondary outcome measures indicating significant improvements as a result of bicycling. All plots demonstrate the results after removing possible outlier studies.