Table 1.
Demographics and primary measures.
| Study | Primary outcome | Outcome | C. group | F T |
M T |
F C |
M C |
Age | D. duration | H&Y | PD Medic. ON/OFF |
Test time point | LEDD (mg) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T | C | T | C | T | C | |||||||||||
| Arcolin et al., 201648 | 6-MWT | Motor | PD | 7 | 9 | 7 | 6 | 67.8 | 68.7 | 4.7 | 6.5 | 2.3 | 2.3 | ON | Within 2 h |
T 887 (412) C 573 (366) |
| Demonceau et al., 201749 | Work load | Motor | PDa | 4 | 12 | 5 | 10 | 65 | 63.3 | 5 | 5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | ON | NA |
T 390 (375–695) C 441 (210–750) |
| Ferraz et al., 201850 | 6-MWT | Motor | PD | 9 | 11 | 6 | 16 | 67 | 71 | 6 | 4 | 2.5 | 2.5 | ON | NA | NA |
| Harper et al., 201951 | Executive Function | Cognition | PDb | 20d | 15d | 65.05 | 64.87 | NA | NA | NA | NA | ON | NA |
T 532 (275) C 560 (557) |
||
| Qutubuddin et al., 201352 | MDS-UPDRS-III° | Motor | PD | 13d | 10d | 68.2 | 68.2 | 7.2 | 7.2 | NA | NA | ON | Within 3 h | NA | ||
| Ridgel et al., 2011a53 | Tremor | Motor | PDb | 7 | 13 | 3 | 9 | 62.8 | 64.6 | 5.2 | 6.5 | 2 | 1.6 | OFF |
8–12 h withholding |
** |
| Tollár et al., 201935 | MDS-UPDRS II° | Motor | PD | 14 | 11 | 11 | 13 | 70.6 | 67.7 | 7.5 | 7.3 | 2.4 | 2.4 | ON | Within 1–2 h |
T 786.4 (120.9) C 825.4 (126.6) |
| Means of the (R)CT-studies | 130 | 111 | 66.6 | 66.9 | 5.9 | 6.1 | 2.14 | 2.06 | ||||||||
| Chang, 201854 | MDS-UPDRS III | Motor | Rep. | 4 | 9 | 4 | 9 | 59.7 | 59.7 | 6.44 | 6.44 | 1.96 | 1.96 | OFF |
12–24 h withholding |
595 (246) |
| Corbett et al., 201355 | Hip extension | Motor | Rep. | 4 | 13 | 4 | 13 | 64 | 64 | 8.7 | 8.7 | 1.8 | 1.8 | Both |
Abstain from morning med. |
** |
| Duchesne et al., 201556 | TMT-A&B | Cognition | Rep.c | 6 | 13 | 6 | 13 | 59 | 59 | 8.1 | 8.1 | 2 | 2 | ON | NA | NA |
| Fiorelli et al., 201957 | TMT-B | Cognition | Rep. | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 66.5 | 66.5 | 5.7 | 5.7 | NA | NA | ON | Within 1 h | NA |
| Hazamy et al., 201758 |
Visual memory |
Cognition | Rep.c | 39d | 39d | 66.23 | 66.23 | NA | NA | NA | NA | ON | NA | NA | ||
| McGough et al., 201659 | FTSTS | Motor | Rep. | 16 | 25 | 16 | 25 | 62.7 | 62.7 | 5.4 | 5.4 | NA | NA | ON | Within 2 h | NA |
| Nadeau et al., 201733 |
Walking speed° |
Motor | Rep.c | 6 | 13 | 6 | 13 | 59 | 59 | 8.1 | 8.1 | 2.1 | 2.1 | ON | NA | NA |
| Nadeau et al., 201960 | RT visual | Motor | Rep.c | 6 | 13 | 6 | 13 | 59 | 59 | 8.1 | 8.1 | 2.1 | 2.1 | NA | NA | NA |
| Peacock et al., 201461 | Muscle strength | Motor | Rep.c | 13d | 13d | 67.6 | 67.6 | NA | NA | NA | NA | ON | NA | NA | ||
| Ridgel et al., 2011b62 | TMT-B | Cognition | Rep. | 7 | 12 | 7 | 12 | 63 | 63 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 1.9 | 1.9 | ON | Within 10 h | 585 (561) |
| Ridgel et al., 201234 | Bradykinesia° | Motor | Rep. | 6 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 64.5 | 64.5 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 1.8 | 1.8 | Both |
10–12 h withhold |
751.6 (455.2) |
| Steib et al., 201863 | Balance | Motor | Rep. | 4 | 13 | 4 | 13 | 64.4 | 64.4 | NA | NA | 2.1 | 2.1 | ON | NA | NA |
| Tabak et al., 201364 | PDCRS | Cognition | Rep. | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 66.5 | 66.5 | 10.5 | 10.5 | NA | NA | ON | NA | ** |
| Uygur et al., 201565 | 4SST | Motor | Rep. | 1 | 9 | 1 | 9 | 64.6 | 64.6 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 1.95 | 1.95 | ON | NA | NA |
| Uygur et al., 201766 | H&Y Scale | Motor | Rep. | 4 | 10 | 4 | 10 | 62.4 | 62.4 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 2.54 | 2.54 | ON | NA | 885 (646) |
| Means of the RT-studies | 264 | 63.3 | 6.7 | 2.03 | ||||||||||||
| Overall means | 505 | 64.3 | 64.4 | 6.4 | 6.5 | 2.06 | 2.04 | |||||||||
The table summarizes the main information of the 22 studies that were included into the meta-analysis.
Column Primary outcome shows the various measures defined as primary outcomes in the corresponding studies: 6-MWT (Six Minute Walk Test); MDS-UPDRS II-III (MDS-United Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale II-III); TMT-A&B (Trail Making Test A & B); RT-visual (Visual reaction time); FTSTS (Five-Times-Sit-to-Stand); ROM (Range of Movement); PDCRS (Parkinson’s disease Cognitive Rating Scale); 4SST (Four Square Step Test). The degree symbol next to the measures indicates that the measure was moved due to large heterogeneity contribution, no symbol means that the specific outcome improved as a result of bicycling.
Column Outcome shows whether the variable was defined as Motor or Cognitive for the sub-level analysis.
Column C. group (Control group): PD = Control group was a different group of PD patients, Rep. = Control groups was the same group of PD patients as the intervention group. aStudy was pseudo-randomized. bStudy applied the same inclusion criteria for control and treatment groups but recruited the participants separately to each group. cStudy had a control group of healthy participants, but here the study was treated as a repeated design as the pre- and post-measures of the treatment groups were compared.
Columns F/M T and F/M C indicate the numbers of females and males per treatment and control group in each study. dStudy did not report the number of participants separately for each group. Column Age T and C provide the average age of the participants in treatment and control groups.
Column D. duration (Disease duration) T and C tell the average disease duration in years for the treatment and control groups. Column H&Y T and C indicate the average Hoehn & Yahr rating scale score of the participants in both groups before the treatment.
Column PD medication ON/OFF entails whether the participants were instructed to keep their medication as prescribed, or whether withdrawal was requested. Column Testing time point indicates how many hours prior to testing the last PD medication was taken.
Last column LEDD specifies the dose of the taken medication as measured in the Levodopa equivalent daily dose in milligrams. **Dose reported but due to variability in the given range, LEDD cannot be calculated reliably.
NA means that the specific data were not available.