Table 2.
Cross-sectional association between galectin-3 and cardiac function in prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
| Model 1: age, sex | Model 2: add. traditional CVRF | Model 3: add. traditional CVRF, comorbidities, heart failure medication | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β-estimate (95% CI) | P value | β-estimate (95% CI) | P value | β-estimate (95% CI) | P value | |
| Systolic function | ||||||
| EF in prediabetes vs. euglycaemia | − 0.281 (− 0.505; − 0.0563) | 0.014 | − 0.192 (− 0.421; 0.0362) | 0.099 | − 0.136 (− 0.364; 0.0928) | 0.24 |
| EF in diabetes vs. euglycaemia | − 0.573 (− 0.945; − 0.200) | 0.0026 | − 0.385 (− 0.772; 0.00282) | 0.052 | − 0.197 (− 0.586; 0.193) | 0.32 |
| EF ~ Galectin-3 [SD] in euglycaemia | − 0.0484 (− 0.173; 0.0763) | 0.45 | − 0.0183 (− 0.144; 0.107) | 0.78 | 0.00539 (− 0.121; 0.132) | 0.93 |
| EF ~ Galectin-3 [SD] in prediabetes | − 0.423 (− 0.611; − 0.234) | < 0.0001 | − 0.397 (− 0.587; − 0.208) | < 0.0001 | − 0.340 (− 0.530; − 0.150) | 0.00045 |
| EF ~ Galectin-3 [SD] in diabetes | − 0.521 (− 0.787; − 0.255) | 0.00012 | − 0.509 (− 0.775; − 0.242) | 0.00019 | − 0.361 (− 0.628; − 0.0941) | 0.008 |
| Diastolic function | ||||||
| log (E/E′) in prediabetes vs. euglycaemia | 0.0376 (0.0270; 0.0482) | < 0.0001 | 0.0157 (0.00519; 0.0263) | 0.0035 | 0.0164 (0.00579; 0.0271) | 0.0025 |
| log (E/E′) in diabetes vs. euglycaemia | 0.127 (0.109; 0.144) | < 0.0001 | 0.0677 (0.0498; 0.0856) | < 0.0001 | 0.0613 (0.0431; 0.0794) | < 0.0001 |
| log (E/E′) ~ Galectin-3 [SD] in euglycaemia | 0.0141 (0.00825; 0.0200) | < 0.0001 | 0.00480 (− 0.00101; 0.0106) | 0.11 | 0.00425 (− 0.00164; 0.0101) | 0.16 |
| log (E/E′) ~ Galectin-3 [SD] in prediabetes | 0.0116 (0.00273; 0.0205) | 0.01 | − 0.000482 (− 0.00924; 0.00827) | 0.91 | − 0.00290 (− 0.0118; 0.00595) | 0.52 |
| log (E/E′) ~ Galectin-3 [SD] in diabetes | 0.0250 (0.0125; 0.0376) | < 0.0001 | 0.0169 (0.00457; 0.0292) | 0.0072 | 0.0136 (0.00121; 0.0260) | 0.031 |
Multiple linear regression models for investigation of the association between Galectin-3 (increase per standard deviation respectively 5 ng/ml) and EF as well as log(E/E′) in prediabetes and diabetes compared to euglycaemia within the baseline data. Model 1 adjusted for sex and age. Model 2 adjusted for sex, age, hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity, smoking, FH of MI/stroke. Model 3 adjusted for sex, age, hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity, smoking, FH of MI/Stroke, atrial fibrillation, chronic kidney disease, chronic liver disease, congestive heart failure, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, peripheral artery disease, stroke, venous thromboembolism, heart failure medication intake.
CVRF cardiovascular risk factors, SD standard deviation.