Table 3.

Prospective association between galectin-3 and cardiac function in prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

	Model 1: age, sex		Model 2: add. traditional CVRF		Model 3: add. traditional CVRF, comorbidities, heart failure medication
	Estimate (95% CI)	P value	Estimate (95% CI)	P value	Estimate (95% CI)	P value
Systolic function
EF in prediabetes vs. euglycaemia	0.134 (− 0.168; 0.436)	0.38	0.337 (0.0306; 0.643)	0.031	0.353 (0.0441; 0.662)	0.025
EF in diabetes vs. euglycaemia	− 1.64 (− 2.14; − 1.14)	< 0.0001	− 1.19 (− 1.71; − 0.677)	< 0.0001	− 1.14 (− 1.66; − 0.616)	< 0.0001
EF ~ Galectin-3 [SD] in euglycaemia	0.159 (− 0.000104; 0.318)	0.05	0.214 (0.0545; 0.374)	0.0086	0.227 (0.0653; 0.389)	0.0059
EF ~ Galectin-3 [SD] in prediabetes	− 0.0747 (− 0.334; 0.184)	0.57	− 0.00238 (− 0.262; 0.257)	0.99	0.00790 (− 0.254; 0.270)	0.95
EF ~ Galectin-3 [SD] in T2DM	− 0.767 (− 1.18; − 0.352)	0.00029	− 0.782 (− 1.20; − 0.367)	0.00023	− 0.656 (− 1.07; − 0.239)	0.0021
Diastolic function
log (E/E′) in prediabetes vs. euglycaemia	0.0206 (0.00771; 0.0335)	0.0017	0.0111 (− 0.00196; 0.0241)	0.096	0.0119 (− 0.00128; 0.0251)	0.077
log (E/E′) in diabetes vs. euglycaemia	0.0584 (0.0369; 0.0798)	< 0.0001	0.0346 (0.0125; 0.0566)	0.0021	0.0350 (0.0127; 0.0574)	0.0021
log (E/E′) ~ Galectin-3 [SD] in euglycaemia	0.00358 (− 0.00323; 0.0104)	0.30	0.000185 (− 0.00663; 0.007)	0.96	− 0.000372 (− 0.0073; 0.00656)	0.92
log (E/E′) ~ Galectin-3 [SD] in prediabetes	− 0.00519 (− 0.0162; 0.00583)	0.36	− 0.00917 (− 0.0202; 0.00184)	0.1	− 0.00992 (− 0.0211; 0.00125)	0.082
log (E/E′) ~ Galectin-3 [SD] in T2DM	0.0175 (− 0.000141; 0.0352)	0.052	0.0188 (0.00117; 0.0364)	0.037	0.0179 (0.0000921; 0.0357)	0.049

Prospective analyses using multiple linear regression models for the assessment of the association between Galectin-3 (increase per standard deviation respectively 5 ng/ml) and EF as well as log(E/E′) after 5 years in prediabetes and diabetes compared to euglycaemia. Individuals with impaired systolic or diastolic function were excluded from the follow-up investigation. Model 1 adjusted for sex and age. Model 2 adjusted for sex, age, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, obesity, smoking, FH of MI/Stroke. Model 3 adjusted for sex, age, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, obesity, smoking, FH of MI/stroke, atrial fibrillation, chronic kidney disease, chronic liver disease, congestive heart failure, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, peripheral artery disease, stroke, venous thromboembolism, heart failure medication intake.

CVRF cardiovascular risk factors, SD standard deviation, T2DM type 2 diabetes.