Table 4.
Association between galectin-3 and cardiovascular as well as all-cause mortality in prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
| Model 1: age, sex | Model 2: age, sex, traditional CVRF | Model 3: age, sex, traditional CVRF, EF, log(E/E′) | Model 4: age, sex, traditional CVRF, cancer, eGFR | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hazard ratio (95% CI) | P value | Hazard ratio (95% CI) | P value | Hazard ratio (95% CI) | P value | Hazard ratio (95% CI) | P value | |
| All-cause mortality | ||||||||
| Galectin-3 [SD] in euglycaemia | 1.201 (1.110; 1.300) | < 0.0001 | 1.190 (1.094; 1.293) | < 0.0001 | 1.172 (1.077; 1.275) | 0.0002 | 1.204 (1.105; 1.313) | < 0.0001 |
| Galectin-3 [SD] in prediabetes | 1.115 (1.006; 1.236) | < 0.039 | 1.082 (0.972; 1.204) | < 0.15 | 1.066 (0.958; 1.187) | 0.24 | 1.103 (0.988; 1.232) | 0.081 |
| Galectin-3 [SD] in T2DM | 1.413 (1.315; 1.518) | < 0.0001 | 1.375 (1.272; 1.486) | < 0.0001 | 1.357 (1.254; 1.469) | < 0.0001 | 1.397 (1.278; 1.527) | < 0.0001 |
| Cardiovascular mortality | ||||||||
| Galectin-3 [SD] in euglycaemia | 1.177 (0.955; 1.450) | 0.13 | 1.180 (0.933; 1.493) | 0.17 | 1.148 (0.902; 1.460) | 0.26 | 1.128 (0.869; 1.465) | 0.37 |
| Galectin-3 [SD] in prediabetes | 1.079 (0.829; 1.404) | 0.57 | 1.029 (0.775; 1.367) | 0.84 | 1.005 (0.747; 1.352) | 0.97 | 0.992 (0.731; 1.346) | 0.96 |
| Galectin-3 [SD] in T2DM | 1.705 (1.492; 1.949) | < 0.0001 | 1.651 (1.425; 1.914) | < 0.0001 | 1.603 (1.390; 1.848) | < 0.0001 | 1.539 (1.273; 1.861) | < 0.0001 |
Cox regression models for investigation of the association between galectin-3 (increase per standard deviation respectively 5 ng/ml) and cardiovascular as well as all-cause mortality in prediabetes and diabetes compared to euglycaemia. Model 1 adjusted for sex and age; n = 14,783; CV mortality events = 108; all-cause mortality events = 837. Model 2 adjusted for sex, age, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, obesity, smoking, FH of MI/stroke. n = 14,733; CV mortality events = 107; all-cause mortality events = 830. Model 3 adjusted for sex, age, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, obesity, smoking, FH of MI/stroke, EF, log(E/E′). n = 14,561; CV mortality events = 106; all-cause mortality events = 817. Model 4 adjusted for sex, age, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, obesity, smoking, FH of MI/stroke, cancer, eGFR. n = 14,721; CV mortality events = 107; all-cause mortality events = 829.
EF ejection fraction, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, CVRF cardiovascular risk factors, FH of MI/stroke family history of myocardial infarction or stroke, SD standard deviation, T2DM type 2 diabetes.