Table 1.
Comparisons of baseline clinical characteristics between patients with and without diabetes.
| Variables | Total | Diabetes | Non-diabetes | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | 754 | 231 | 523 | |
| Age, years | 57.7 ± 0.5 | 62.1 ± 0.7 | 55.8 ± 0.6 | < 0.001 |
| Male gender, n (%) | 353 (46.8) | 130 (56.3) | 223 (42.6) | < 0.001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 24.3 ± 0.1 | 25.5 ± 0.3 | 23.7 ± 0.2 | < 0.001 |
| Current smoking, n (%) | 179 (23.7) | 68 (29.4) | 111 (21.2) | 0.018 |
| Past history of CVD, n (%) | 94 (12.5) | 45 (19.5) | 49 (9.4) | < 0.001 |
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 115.2 ± 1.4 | 122.7 ± 2.0 | 111.8 ± 1.8 | < 0.001 |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | 69.0 ± 0.8 | 72.3 ± 1.2 | 67.4 ± 1.1 | 0.016 |
| LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL | 110.2 ± 2.0 | 102.4 ± 3.1 | 114.4 ± 2.5 | < 0.011 |
| HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL | 55.9 ± 0.7 | 52.6 ± 1.0 | 57.6 ± 0.9 | 0.001 |
| Triacylglycerol, mg/dL | 129.9 ± 3.6 | 137.9 ± 7.3 | 125.6 ± 3.9 | 0.151 |
| Uric acid, mg/dL | 5.4 ± 0.0 | 5.4 ± 0.1 | 5.4 ± 0.0 | 0.590 |
| Blood urea nitrogen, mg/dL | 13.7 ± 0.1 | 14.1 ± 0.3 | 13.5 ± 0.1 | 0.066 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.65 ± 0.00 | 0.64 ± 0.00 | 0.65 ± 0.00 | 0.487 |
| Baseline eGFR, ml/min/1.73m2 | 88.0 ± 0.7 | 89.8 ± 1.5 | 87.3 ± 0.8 | 0.133 |
| Albuminuria, mg/gCr | 5.9 (0.0–15.1) | 10.2 (0.0–30.3) | 4.7 (0.0–11.5) | < 0.001 |
| Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dL | 108.1 ± 1.2 | 134.1 ± 2.7 | 94.5 ± 0.6 | < 0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.9 ± 0.0 | 7.2 ± 0.1 | 5.2 ± 0.0 | < 0.001 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 470 (62.3) | 166 (71.9) | 304 (58.1) | < 0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 402 (53.3) | 154 (66.7) | 248 (47.4) | < 0.001 |
| Anti-hypertensive drugs | ||||
| Calcium-channel blockers, n (%) | 313 (41.5) | 103 (44.6) | 210 (40.2) | 0.289 |
| ACE inhibitor or ARB, n (%) | 148 (19.6) | 76 (32.9) | 72 (13.8) | < 0.001 |
| α or β blocker, n (%) | 84 (11.1) | 23 (10.0) | 61 (11.7) | 0.575 |
| Diuretic agent, n (%) | 40 (5.3) | 18 (7.8) | 22 (4.2) | 0.064 |
| Statin, n (%) | 193 (25.6) | 100 (43.3) | 93 (17.8) | < 0.001 |
| Anti-diabetic drugs | ||||
| DPP-4 inhibitor, n (%) | – | 79 (34.1) | – | N/A |
| GLP-1 analogue, n (%) | – | 12 (5.1) | – | N/A |
| Sulfonylurea, n (%) | – | 49 (21.3) | – | N/A |
| Thiazolidine, n (%) | – | 18 (3.5) | – | N/A |
| Metformin, n (%) | – | 75 (32.5) | – | N/A |
| SGLT2 inhibitor, n (%) | – | 2 (0.9) | – | N/A |
| Insulin, n (%) | – | 45 (19.6) | – | N/A |
| Diabetes duration, years | – | 9.1 ± 0.6 | – | N/A |
| Diabetic microvascular complications | ||||
| Neuropathy, n (%) | – | 70 (30.3) | – | N/A |
| Retinopathy, n (%) | – | 28 (12.1) | – | N/A |
| Nephropathy, n (%) | – | 135 (58.4) | – | N/A |
| PSQ, n (%) | 102 (13.5) | 35 (15.2) | 67 (12.8) | 0.41 |
| Activity index | 30.5 (21.8–42.5) | 33.5 (25.4–44.7) | 29.7 (20.4–41.1) | 0.003 |
| Number | 722 | 225 | 497 | – |
| Sleep apnea, n (%) | 373 (51.7) | 150 (66.6) | 223 (44.8) | < 0.001 |
| REI | 5.6 (1.4–12.9) | 8.9 (3.2–17.9) | 4.0 (0.9–11.0) | < 0.001 |
| Number | 697 | 213 | 484 | – |
| Low HRV, n (%) | 348 (49.9) | 120 (56.3) | 228 (47.1) | 0.039 |
| CVRR | 13.5 (11.4–16.1) | 12.9 (11.2–15.5) | 13.7 (11.5–16.3) | 0.427 |
Data are presented as the mean ± standard error or median (25th–75th percentile) for continuous variables or number (%) for dichotomous variables. P values are shown for comparisons of mean (t-test) and median (Mann–Whitney test) values. Percentages were determined with a chi-squared test.
CVD cardiovascular disease, BP blood pressure, LDL low density lipoprotein, HDL high density lipoprotein, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, ACE angiotensin converting enzyme, ARB angiotensin II receptor blocker, DPP dipeptidyl peptidase, GLP glucagon-like peptide, PSQ poor sleep quality, REI respiratory event index, HRV heart rate variability, CVRR coefficient of variation of R–R interval, NA not applicable.